Xanthium strumarium L. Extracts Produce DNA Damage Mediated by Cytotoxicity in In Vitro Assays but Does Not Induce Micronucleus in Mice

Table 4

Micronucleus test results in mice treated with whole extract of Xanthium strumarium L.

Dose (mg/kg)	Female		Male
	PCE/NCE^a  ± SD	MNPCE/2000^b  ± SD	PCE/NCE^a  ± SD	MNPCE/2000^b  ± SD
0	0.46 ± 1.32	0.18 ± 0.43	0.35 ± 1.39	0.20 ± 0.24
500	0.07 ± 1.57	0.03 ± 0.08	0.10 ± 1.70	0.03 ± 0.11
1000	0.28 ± 1.58	0.06 ± 0.08	0.16 ± 1.51	0.03 ± 0.07
2000	0.08 ± 1.46	0.03 ± 0.11	0.07 ± 1.46	0.03 ± 0.11
Ethanol^c	0.05 ± 1.39	0.01 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 1.45	0.04 ± 0.08
CP^d	0.06 ± 0.63**	1.80 ± 7.62**	0.07 ± 0.53**	0.75 ± 5.38**

aPCE/NCE: polychromatic (PCE) to normochromatic (NCE) erythrocyte ratio; ^bMNPCE/2000: frequency of micronucleated PCE; ^cNegative control: ethanol 60%; ^dPositive control: cyclophosphamide 20 mg/Kg. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).