Review Article
Nigral Iron Elevation Is an Invariable Feature of Parkinson’s Disease and Is a Sufficient Cause of Neurodegeneration
Table 2
Iron elevation (TCS) in the genetics of PD.
| Locus | Gene | Mutation | Comments | Iron elevation | Reference |
| PARK1/4 | Alpha synuclein | 3 point mutations, duplication, triplication | Onset age 40–50 Rapid progression, frequent dementia. Lewy bodies present | Yes | [130] | PARK2 | Parkin | >100 mutations | Age of onset 17–24 years Parkinsonism Other motor symptoms but no dementia. Lewy bodies present | Yes | [130, 131] | PARK6 | PINK1 | >20 mutations | Onset age 30–50 Clinical features resemble Parkin mutations. Lewy bodies present | Yes | [130, 132] | PARK7 | DJ-1 | 3 point mutations | Onset age 20–40 Clinical features resemble Parkin mutations. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present | Yes | [130] | PARK8 | LRRK2 | 6 point mutations | Age of onset 50s Resembles idiopathic PD. Lewy bodies present | Yes | [130, 133] | PARK9 | ATP13A2 | 1 mutation | Age of onset 10–30 years Parkinsonism, supranuclear gaze paresis, pyramidal signs, and dementia. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present | ?? | | PARK14 | PLA2G6 | 2 mutations | Age of onset 20–40 Parkinsonism Dementia, psychosis, dystonia, and hyperreflexia. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present | ?? | | PARK15 | FBXO7 | 3 mutations | Age of onset 7–22 Parkinsonism, hyperreflexia, and spasticity. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present | ?? | |
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Iron accumulation [130–133] and Lewy bodies [134].
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