Tumor Suppression and Promotion by Autophagy

Table 2

Summary of clinical trials involving autophagy inhibitors (chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine) for cancer treatment (data obtained from http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials).

Cancer type	Therapy	Phase	Status	Protocol ID
Relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma	Cyclophosphamide and pulse dexamethasone with hydroxychloroquine or rapamycin	0	Completed	NCT01396200
Glioblastoma multiforme	Hydroxychloroquine, radiation, and temozolimide	I, II	Closed	NCT00486603
Pancreas adenocarcinoma	Hydroxychloroquine, gemcitabine	I, II	Closed	NCT01128296
Prostate cancer	Hydroxychloroquine after prostate cancer treatment	II	Closed	NCT00726596
Non-small cell lung cancer	Erlotinib with or without hydroxychloroquine	II	Closed	NCT00977470
Metastatic pancreatic cancer	Hydroxychloroquine after prostate cancer treatment	II	Closed	NCT01273805
Relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma	Chloroquine, bortezomib, and cyclophosphamide	II	Closed	NCT01438177
Advanced solid tumors irresponsive to chemotherapy	Hydroxychloroquine, sunitinib	I	Closed	NCT00813423
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia	Hydroxychloroquine	II	Temporarily Closed	NCT00771056
Surgery removable Stage III or Stage IV melanoma	Hydroxychloroquine	0	Temporarily Closed	NCT00962845
Relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma	Hydroxychloroquine, bortezomib	I, II	Active	NCT00568880
Lung cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, gefitinib	I, II	Active	NCT00809237
Ductal carcinoma in situ	Chloroquine	I, II	Active	NCT01023477
Colorectal cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab	I, II	Active	NCT01206530
Pancreatic cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, protein-bound paclitaxel, and gemcitabine	I, II	Active	NCT01506973
Previously treated renal cell carcinoma	Hydroxychloroquine, everolimus	I, II	Active	NCT01510119
Renal cell carcinoma	Hydroxychloroquine, aldesleukin	I, II	Active	NCT01550367
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma	Hydroxychloroquine, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)	I, II	Active	NCT02013778
Metastatic colorectal cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab	II	Active	NCT01006369
Chronic myeloid leukemia	Imatinib mesylate with or without hydroxychloroquine	II	Active	NCT01227135
Breast cancer	Hydroxychloroquine	II	Active	NCT01292408
Advanced or metastatic breast cancer	Chloroquine, taxane	II	Active	NCT01446016
Resectable pancreatic cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, capecitabine, and radiation	II	Active	NCT01494155
High grade gliomas	Hydroxychloroquine, radiation	II	Active	NCT01602588
Advanced/recurrent non-small cell lung cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and bevacizumab	II	Active	NCT01649947
Progressive metastatic castrate refractory prostate cancer	Navitoclax, abiraterone acetate with or without hydroxychloroquine	II	Active	NCT01828476
Soft tissue sarcoma	Hydroxychloroquine, rapamycin	II	Active	NCT01842594
Potentially resectable pancreatic cancer	Protein-bound paclitaxel, gemcitabine with or without hydroxychloroquine	II	Active	NCT01978184
Metastatic or unresectable solid tumors	Hydroxychloroquine, temozolomide	I	Active	NCT00714181
Irresponsive metastatic solid tumors	Hydroxychloroquine, temsirolimus	I	Active	NCT00909831
Stage IV small cell lung cancer	Chloroquine	I	Active	NCT00969306
Advanced solid tumors	Hydroxychloroquine, vorinostat	I	Active	NCT01023737
Primary renal cell carcinoma	Hydroxychloroquine before surgery	I	Active	NCT01144169
Advanced cancer	Hydroxychloroquine sirolimus, or vorinostat	I	Active	NCT01266057
Solid tumors	Hydroxychloroquine, radiation	I	Active	NCT01417403
Melanoma	Chloroquine, radiation, DT01	I	Active	NCT01469455
Advanced solid tumors, melanoma, prostate, or kidney cancer	Hydroxychloroquine, Akt inhibitor MK2206	I	Active	NCT01480154
Stages I–III small cell lung cancer	Chloroquine, radiation	I	Active	NCT01575782
Refractory or relapsed solid tumors	Hydroxychloroquine, sorafenib	I	Active	NCT01634893
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis in women	Hydroxychloroquine sirolimus	I	Active	NCT01687179
Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma	Hydroxychloroquine, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, and sirolimus	I	Active	NCT01689987
Nonresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Chloroquine, gemcitabine	I	Active	NCT01777477
BRAF mutant metastatic melanoma	Hydroxychloroquine, vemurafenib	I	Active	NCT01897116
Advanced solid tumors	Chloroquine, carboplatin, and gemcitabine	I	Active	NCT02071537
Brain metastasis	Chloroquine, radiation	0	Active	NCT01727531