Analysis of the Associations between Vitamin D and Albuminuria or β-Cell Function in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Associations between serum 25-(OH)D concentration and insulin resistance, β-cell function, and urine ACR in Chinese type 2 diabetes.

	OR	95% CI	𝑃 value
25-(OH)D concentration (nmol/L) and HOMA-IR*
Model 1	1.012	1.002–1.024	0.025
Model 2	1.009	0.996–1.021	0.169
Model 3	1.009	0.997–1.022	0.150
25-(OH)D concentration (nmol/L) and HOMA-B**
Model 1	0.999	0.988–1.010	0.830
Model 2	0.994	0.983–1.006	0.336
Model 3	0.992	0.981–1.004	0.206
25-(OH)D concentration (nmol/L) and urine ACR (mg/g)***
Model 1	0.984	0.972–0.996	0.008
Model 2	0.985	0.973–0.998	0.021
Model 3	0.985	0.972–0.999	0.030

∗Model 1: adjusted by gender, age (year), duration of diabetes (year), and season; model 2: adjusted by model 1 + BMI (kg/m²), SBP (mmHg), and HbA1c (%); model 3: adjusted by model 2 + urine ACR (mg/g), LDL-C (mmol/L), HDL-C (mmol/L), CHO (mmol/L), TG (mmol/L), UA (umol/L), and CRE (umol/L). HOMA-IR > 3.30 as 1, while HOMA-IR < 3.30 as 2.
**Model 1: adjusted by gender, age (year), duration of diabetes (year), and season; model 2: adjusted by model 1 + BMI (kg/m²), SBP (mmHg), and HbA1c (%); model 3: adjusted by model 2 + urine ACR (mg/g), LDL-C (mmol/L), HDL-C (mmol/L), CHO (mmol/L), TG (mmol/L), UA (umol/L), and CRE (umol/L). HOMA-B < 50 as 1, while HOMA-B > 50 as 2.
***Model 1: adjusted by gender, age (year), duration of diabetes (year), and season; model 2: adjusted by model 1 + BMI (kg/m²), SBP (mmHg), and HbA1c (%); model 3: adjusted by model 2 + LDL-C (mmol/L), HDL-C (mmol/L), CHO (mmol/L), TG (mmol/L), UA (umol/L), and CRE (umol/L). Urine ACR < 30 mg/g as 1, while urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g as 2.