Measurement of Urinary Biomarkers of Parabens, Benzophenone-3, and Phthalates in a Belgian Population

Table 2

Urinary concentrations of parabens, BP3, and phthalate metabolites (µg/L or µg/g creatinine): geometric means (GM), percentiles, ranges, and positivity rates.

	GM µg/L (µg/g creat.)	Selected percentiles µg/L (µg/g creat.)					Range µg/L (µg/g creat.)	Positive samples (%)^a	LOD (µg/L)
		5th	25th	50th	75th	95th
MP
All (𝑛=261)	19.0 (16.9)	1.1 (1.0)	4.3 (3.6)	16.1 (14.3)	75.2 (61.1)	462.6 (501.7)	0.30–7576.0 (0.23–3712.0)	100.0	0.16
Male (𝑛=123)	10.1 (7.8)	1.0 (1.0)	3.3 (2.8)	7.7 (5.1)	26.9 (16.4)	223.4 (263.5)	0.30–2659.0 (0.23–2227.0)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	33.5 (33.5)***	1.0 (1.5)	11.0 (9.8)	32.4 (32.1)	115.1 (128.7)	630.6 (612.7)	0.37–7576.0 (0.28–3712.0)	100.0
EP
All (𝑛=261)	2.1 (1.8)	0.1 (0.2)	0.6 (0.5)	1.7 (1.5)	6.5 (5.7)	67.7 (53.9)	<LOD–887.3 (<LOD–1033.0)	96.6	0.09
Male (𝑛=123)	1.6 (1.3)	0.1 (0.1)	0.5 (0.4)	1.3 (1.0)	4.7 (3.5)	41.4 (26.4)	<LOD–887.3 (<LOD–592.3)	95.9
Female (𝑛=138)	2.6 (2.6)*	0.1 (0.2)	0.8 (0.7)	1.9 (2.1)	9.2 (8.8)	83.1 (90.5)	<LOD–452.8 (<LOD–1033.0)	97.1
PP
All (𝑛=261)	1.5 (1.3)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.2 (0.2)	1.2 (1.0)	9.3 (8.4)	78.8 (89.2)	<LOD–692.1 (<LOD–415.1)	83.1	0.11
Male (𝑛=123)	0.6 (0.5)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.1 (0.1)	0.5 (0.4)	2.2 (1.6)	20.2 (15.0)	<LOD–114.6 (<LOD–156.2)	76.4
Female (𝑛=138)	3.3 (3.3)***	<LOD (<LOD)	0.8 (0.6)	3.3 (3.5)	15.4 (19.6)	116.5 (215.1)	<LOD–692.1 (<LOD–415.1)	89.1
BP
All (𝑛=261)	ND (ND)	<LOD (<LOD)	<LOD (<LOD)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.9 (0.8)	8.0 (8.5)	<LOD–80.6 (<LOD–63.5)	41.8	0.30
Male (𝑛=123)	ND (ND)	<LOD (<LOD)	<LOD (<LOD)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.3 (0.2)	4.9 (3.8)	<LOD–19.4 (<LOD–12.4)	23.6
Female (𝑛=138)	ND (ND)***	<LOD (<LOD)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.5 (0.5)	1.7 (1.7)	11.1 (10.3)	<LOD–80.6 (<LOD–63.5)	58.0
MEP
All (𝑛=261)	37.6 (33.3)	4.9 (5.7)	16.0 (14.7)	34.3 (30.6)	88.5 (68.4)	292.1 (251.8)	2.23–1904.0 (2.73–860.9)	100.0	0.28
Male (𝑛=123)	40.2 (31.1)	5.2 (5.2)	15.6 (15.6)	34.3 (34.3)	93.9 (93.9)	731.9 (731.9)	2.65–1904.0 (2.65–1904.0)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	35.4 (35.4)	4.9 (4.9)	16.5 (16.5)	34.5 (34.5)	85.2 (85.2)	216.9 (216.9)	2.23–578.0 (2.23–578.0)	100.0
MnBP
All (𝑛=261)	31.3 (27.7)	5.7 (7.1)	15.5 (14.7)	33.3 (26.1)	63.1 (53.4)	145.9 (112.6)	2.00–235.6 (3.63–422.0)	100.0	0.30
Male (𝑛=123)	33.0 (25.5)	6.7 (6.9)	17.0 (12.1)	34.8 (26.1)	61.1 (46.9)	150.4 (91.1)	3.23–222.7 (3.63–143.1)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	29.8 (29.9)	5.3 (8.6)	14.9 (15.5)	31.4 (26.1)	63.4 (60.4)	116.5 (126.7)	2.00–235.6 (4.66–422.0)	100.0
MiBP
All (𝑛=261)	26.2 (23.3)	5.9 (6.9)	14.3 (12.4)	24.3 (20.0)	45.9 (38.5)	154.4 (147.3)	2.04–608.4 (3.09–473.1)	100.0	0.37
Male (𝑛=123)	24.9 (19.3)	5.7 (5.4)	13.5 (10.5)	24.3 (17.2)	43.4 (29.0)	99.6 (99.7)	2.46–504.9 (3.09–307.2)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	27.5 (27.5)	6.2 (8.6)	15.0 (14.3)	24.6 (22.4)	48.1 (50.5)	169.5 (174.3)	2.04–608.4 (5.93–473.1)	100.0
MBzP
All (𝑛=261)	5.5 (4.9)	0.9 (1.2)	2.9 (2.3)	5.5 (4.4)	10.3 (9.1)	34.9 (28.5)	<LOD–126.5 (<LOD–102.0)	99.6	0.19
Male (𝑛=123)	5.8 (4.5)	1.0 (1.0)	3.0 (3.0)	5.8 (5.8)	11.3 (11.3)	40.5 (40.5)	0.40–126.5 (0.65–102.0)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	5.2 (5.2)	0.8 (0.8)	2.6 (2.6)	5.3 (5.3)	10.1 (10.1)	34.3 (34.3)	<LOD–84.0 (<LOD–73.0)	99.3
MEHP
All (𝑛=261)	2.7 (2.4)	1.1 (0.7)	1.7 (1.5)	2.7 (2.3)	4.1 (4.0)	8.7 (7.8)	0.58–20.0 (0.51–46.5)	100.0	0.19
Male (𝑛=123)	3.0 (2.4)**	1.3 (0.7)	1.9 (1.5)	3.0 (2.1)	4.6 (3.6)	8.7 (6.8)	0.99–13.4 (0.51–9.7)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	2.5 (2.5)	1.0 (0.7)	1.5 (1.4)	2.2 (2.3)	3.8 (4.2)	8.7 (8.5)	0.58–20.0 (0.56–46.5)	100.0
5-OH-MEHP
All (𝑛=261)	8.6 (7.6)	1.8 (2.0)	4.7 (4.3)	9.0 (6.8)	15.3 (13.4)	36.7 (35.1)	0.31–113.0 (0.96–263.5)	100.0	0.13
Male (𝑛=123)	10.1 (7.8)**	2.5 (2.0)	5.6 (4.5)	9.9 (7.3)	19.4 (13.8)	37.3 (33.4)	1.33–59.3 (1.47–41.8)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	7.4 (7.4)	1.2 (1.8)	3.7 (4.1)	7.9 (6.5)	13.7 (12.2)	37.4 (36.4)	0.31–113.0 (0.96–263.5)	100.0
5-oxo-MEHP
All (𝑛=261)	5.8 (5.1)	0.9 (1.4)	3.1 (2.8)	5.9 (4.8)	11.2 (8.7)	27.4 (23.4)	0.29–94.7 (0.67–220.7)	100.0	0.16
Male (𝑛=123)	6.5 (5.0)	1.4 (1.4)	3.8 (2.7)	6.7 (4.8)	12.2 (9.0)	26.9 (21.9)	0.87–57.4 (0.67–36.8)	100.0
Female (𝑛=138)	5.3 (5.3)	0.8 (1.4)	2.9 (2.9)	5.6 (4.9)	10.2 (8.1)	35.2 (26.6)	0.29–94.7 (0.80–220.7)	100.0
BP3
All (𝑛=261)	1.3 (1.1)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.4 (0.3)	1.3 (1.0)	3.7 (3.1)	32.2 (30.1)	<LOD–662.8 (<LOD–414.2)	82.8	0.20
Male (𝑛=123)	1.1 (0.8)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.3 (0.2)	0.9 (0.6)	3.1 (2.0)	34.5 (28.8)	<LOD–662.8 (<LOD–414.2)	82.1
Female (𝑛=138)	1.4 (1.4)	<LOD (<LOD)	0.4 (0.4)	1.7 (1.3)	3.8 (4.4)	32.7 (33.3)	<LOD–140.0 (<LOD–141.3)	83.3

asamples above LOD (%).
^∗𝑃<0.05; **𝑃<0.01; ***𝑃<0.001.