Measurement of Urinary Biomarkers of Parabens, Benzophenone-3, and Phthalates in a Belgian Population

Table 5

Paraben and BP3 concentrations—medians (95th percentile) in µg/L—reported in human urine samples for children, males, and females.

Location (sampling years)	Population	Age (years)	𝑁	MP	EP	PP	BP	BP3	Reference
Belgium (2013)	Children	1–11	48	18.6 (581.1)	1.1 (13.7)	1.1 (96.9)	0.5 (5.7)	1.6 (15.2)	This study
Spain (2005-2006)	Boys	4	30	150.0 (—)	8.1 (—)	21.5 (—)	1.2 (—)	1.9 (—)	[37]
USA (2009-2010)	Children	6–11	415	26.5 (873.0)	<LOD (11.5)	2.7 (114.0)	<LOD (2.2)	14.6 (1570.0)	[38]
Denmark (2011)	Children	6–11	143	3.0 (62.0)	0.4 (3.7)	1.7 (33.0)	<LOD (1.4)	1.8 (40.0)	[39]
China (2012)	Children	9-10	70	— (—)	— (—)	— (—)	— (—)	0.6 (6.4)^‡	[40]
Belgium (2013)	Males	1–75	123	7.7 (223.4)	1.3 (41.4)	0.5 (20.2)	<LOD (4.9)	0.9 (34.5)	This study
Denmark (2006)	Males	18–26	60	17.7 (2002.0)^‡	2.0 (564.0)^‡	3.6 (256.0)^‡	0.2 (67.6)^‡	— (—)	[41]
USA (2009-2010)	Males	≥6	1399	25.3 (727.0)	<LOD (36.4)	2.8 (134.0)	<LOD (2.7)	15.3 (610.0)	[38]
Belgium (2013)	Females	1–85	138	32.4 (630.6)	1.9 (83.1)	3.3 (116.5)	0.5 (11.1)	1.7 (32.7)	This study
France (2002–2006)	Pregnant women	—	191	104.3 (2689.7)	1.5 (38.2)	10.4 (267.7)	2.2 (63.6)	1.7 (143.0)	[42]
Spain (2004–2008)	Pregnant women	—	120	191.0 (—)	8.8 (—)	29.8 (—)	2.4 (—)	3.4 (—)	[37]
Japan (2007–2010)	Pregnant women	32.6^¥	111	75.8 (1361.0)^‡	7.5 (593.0)^‡	20.2 (2690.0)^‡	0.6 (22.8)^‡	— (—)	[43]
USA (2009-2010)	Females	≥6	1350	106.0 (1230.0)	2.0 (138.0)	20.2 (361.0)	0.3 (31.8)	32.0 (3200.0)	[38]
Puerto Rico (2010–2012)	Pregnant women	—	105	153.0 (1590.0)	— (—)	36.7 (493.0)	0.4 (36.4)	31.3 (2150.0)	[30]
China (2010–2012)	Pregnant women	≥18	567	— (—)	— (—)	— (—)	— (—)	0.1 (0.8)	[44]
Danemark (2011)	Mothers	31–52	145	14.0 (275.0)	0.9 (44.0)	<LOD (14.0)	<LOD (9.3)	3.7 (312.0)	[39]

—: no results/information.
‡maximum.
¥mean.