Biologic Propensities and Phytochemical Profile of Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmelin (Rubiaceae): An Underutilized Native Medicinal Food Plant from Africa

Table 3

Effect of VM on the movement of glucose over 3 hrs incubation.

Extracts	Concentration of glucose in external solution (mM/L) after 1 hr incubation period
	0	0.5	1	1.5	2	2.5	3
Decoction
Leaf	2.17 ± 0.087	2.89 ± 0.15^b	3.68 ± 0.07^b	4.63 ± 0.093^ab	4.22 ± 0.097*	4.04 ± 0.035^*a	3.76 ± 0.080^*a
Unripe fruit	2.18 ± 0.061	3.06 ± 0.22	3.73 ± 0.08	3.79 ± 1.89	4.39 ± 0.16	4.20 ± 0.046^*b	4.54 ± 0.046^*b
Ripe fruit	2.23 ± 0.046	3.42 ± 0.14	3.87 ± 0.05	4.31 ± 0.31	5.53 ± 0.076	5.96 ± 0.063	8.37 ± 0.61^b
Seed	2.25 ± 0.035	3.51 ± 0.076^b	3.99 ± 0.046	4.68 ± 0.063	5.09 ± 0.061	5.67 ± 0.08	6.49 ± 0.122
Methanol
Leaf	2.22 ± 0.087	2.72 ± 0.25	3.37 ± 0.093*	3.75 ± 0.063^*ab	4.13 ± 0.046*	4.70 ± 0.380^*ab	5.04 ± 0.046^*a
Unripe fruit	2.33 ± 0.052	2.79 ± 0.061	4.37 ± 0.12^b	4.47 ± 0.076	4.91 ± 0.061^b	5.68 ± 0.046	8.02 ± 0.23^b
Ripe fruit	2.31 ± 0.076	3.10 ± 0.076	3.54 ± 0.19	4.39 ± 0.061	5.88 ± 0.24^b	6.54 ± 0.11	8.42 ± 0.24^*b
Seed	2.28 ± 0.017	2.81 ± 0.061	3.55 ± 0.061	4.34 ± 0.076	4.93 ± 0.178	5.41 ± 0.070	7.30 ± 0.33^b
Blank	2.26 ± 0.017	2.85 ± 0.03^b	4.03 ± 0.091^b	4.48 ± 0.080^b	5.30 ± 0.052^b	6.01 ± 0.24^b	7.16 ± 0.16^b

All data are shown as mean ± SD; each run in triplicates; *P < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant (one way ANOVA with post hoc analysis) compared to blank/negative control at respective time interval. ^aSignificant difference (P < 0.05) exists between leaf decoction and leaf methanol extracts at respective time interval. ^bP > 0.05 compared with glucose concentration at a previous time of incubation.