|
| Studies | Ref. | Countries | Year | Rate | Setting | Patients factors | ED factors |
|
|
Fry et al., 2003 | [7] | Australia | 2000–2002 | 7.9% | Tertiary hospital | Nonurgent conditions | Waiting time |
| Arendt et al., 2003 | [5] | USA | 2001 | 0.84% | Small Hospital | NA | NA |
| Polevoi et al., 2005 | [24] | USA | 2001 | 1.8% | University hospital | NA | Overcrowding
EP training |
Goodacre and Webster,
2005 | [13] | UK | 2001 | 7.2% | Non-univ. tertiary hospital (adults) | Young, male
Low acuity level | Waiting time |
| Goldman et al., 2005 | [25] | Canada | 2002 | 3% | Pediatric | Nonurgent
conditions | Overcrowding
Waiting time |
| Monzon et al., 2005 | [11] | Canada | 2003 | 3.6% | University hospital | Lack of regular physician | Waiting time |
| Weiss et al., 2005 | [26] | USA | 2003 | 14.9% | University hospital | NA | Overcrowding |
Locker and Mason,
2005 | [27] | England | 2004 | 3.9% | 83 EDs | NA | NA |
| Rowe et al., 2006 | [12] | Canada |
2002 + 2003 | 4.5% | University hospital (adults and pediatrics) | Low acuity level | Overcrowding |
Baibergenova et al.,
2006 | [28] | Canada | 2006 | 3.1% | 163 EDs | Aged 15–35
Low acuity level | High volume of patient
Length of stay |
| Ding et al., 2006 | [6] | USA | 2004 | 6.4% | University hospital (adults) | Aged 18–24
Low acuity level
Uninsured or Medicaid | NA |
| Sun et al., 2007 | [1] | USA | 1995–2002 | 1.4% | National survey | Young, nonwhite, and urban
Uninsured
Nonurgent conditions | NA |
| Mohsin et al., 2007 | [8] | Australia | 2003 | 8.6% | Non-univ. tertiary hospital | Young
Nonurgent conditions | Overcrowding
Waiting time |
Hall and Jelinek,
2007 | [29] | Australia | 2000–2003 |
4.1% | 7, public hospital | Low acuity level
Young, male | NA |
| Ding et al., 2007 | [2] | USA | 2004-2005 | 8.8% | University hospital (adults) | NA | NA |
| Asaro et al., 2007 | [30] | USA | 2004–2006 | 8.1% | University hospital | NA | Time of arrival
Overcrowding |
| Gilligan et al., 2009 | [31] | Ireland | NA | 7.5% | University hospital | Young, male
Low acuity level
Arriving at night or at week-end | NA |
| Pham et al., 2009 | [32] | USA | 1998–2006 | 1.7% | National survey | Aged 18–65
Uninsured or Medicaid
Low acuity level | Metropolitan areas
Teaching hospital |
| Hsia et al., 2011 | [33] | USA | 2007 | 2.6% | 262 EDs | Poorly insured
Lower income | County owner
Trauma center
Teaching hospital |
| Grosgurin et al., 2013 | [22] | Switzerland | 2008 | 4.2% | University hospital (adults) | Male, unemployed, and low acuity level | NA |
|
