Habitual Coffee Consumption Enhances Attention and Vigilance in Hemodialysis Patients
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the noncoffee users and habitual coffee users on maintenance hemodialysis.
Noncoffee users
Habitual coffee users
Age (years)
0.156
Sex, (%)
Male Female
16 (84.2%) 3 (15.8%)
44 (65.7%) 23 (34.3%)
0.120
Education level (years), (%)
None (0–4) Primary (8) Secondary (12) High
4 (21.1%) 7 (36.8%) 5 (26.3%) 3 (15.8%)
12 (17.9%) 21 (31.3%) 26 (38.8%) 8 (11.9%)
0.694
Duration of HD (mo), median (range)
47.0 (8.0–282.0)
59.0 (4.0–334.0)
0.135
Shift, (%)
Morning Afternoon
10 (52.6%) 9 (47.4%)
32 (47.8%) 35 (52.2%)
0.708
Current smoker, (%)
4 (21.1%)
12 (17.9%)
0.746
Psychotropic medication use, (%)
8 (42.1)
28 (41.8)
0.980
Previous stroke, (%)
1 (5.3%)
6 (9.0%)
1.000
Hypertension present, (%)
17 (89.5%)
56 (83.6%)
0.724
Hematocrit, (%)
0.451
iPTH, (ng/L), median (range)
129.5 (8.3–566.0)
143.5 (6.0–2500.0)
0.699
iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone; HD: hemodialysis; data presented as mean ± SD if not otherwise specified; to convert from the SI unit to the conventional unit, divide by the following conversion factor: intact parathyroid hormone = 1.0 (pg/mL).
