Therapeutic Implications of Estrogen for Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Induced by Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Figure 2

Pathways of E2-mediated neuroprotection. Akt: protein kinase B, E2: 17β-estradiol, ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, Ngb: neuroglobin, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α, and Trx: thioredoxin.