The Renal Effects of Vanadate Exposure: Potential Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Functional Renal Disorders—Preliminary Studies

Figure 1

The levels/activities of some biomarkers of renal toxicity (a) and the concentrations of selected elements ((b)–(e)) in rat plasma. ^1,2,3Data were tested by Student’s 𝑡-test, Welch’s 𝑡-test, or Mann-Whitney’s 𝑈 test, respectively. *Significant differences, compared with the Control (Group I). ^fLogarithmically transformed data. ^††,†𝑃=0.05, 𝑃=0.08, respectively, compared with the Control (Group I).

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