The Renal Effects of Vanadate Exposure: Potential Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Functional Renal Disorders—Preliminary Studies

Figure 2

EUV, urine pH, and the urinary levels/activities of some biomarkers of renal toxicity (a and b) and the urinary levels of selected elements ((c)–(f)) normalized per 24-hour diuresis in the tested rats. ^1,2,3Data were tested by Student’s 𝑡-test, Welch’s 𝑡-test, or Mann-Whitney’s 𝑈 test, respectively. *Significant differences, compared with the Control (Group I). ^fLogarithmically transformed data. ^¡Correlated with excreted urinary volume (EUV). ^‡𝑃=0.06, compared with the Control (Group I).

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