The Renal Effects of Vanadate Exposure: Potential Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Functional Renal Disorders—Preliminary Studies

Figure 3

The urinary levels/activities of some biomarkers of renal toxicity ((a) and (b)) and the urinary levels of selected elements ((c)–(f)) normalized per 24-hour urinary Cre_u excretion in the tested rats. ^1,2,3Data were tested by Student’s 𝑡-test, Welch’s 𝑡-test, or Mann-Whitney’s 𝑈 test, respectively. *Significant differences, compared with the Control (Group I). ^fLogarithmically transformed data. ^¡¡Correlated with the urinary Cre_u excretion. ^{‡,‡‡,†}𝑃=0.06, 𝑃=0.07, and 𝑃=0.08, respectively, compared with the Control (Group I).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)