Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment for Rehabilitation of Upper Extremity Dysfunction after Stroke: Preliminary Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 1
Effects of experimental and control treatments on functional and kinematics outcomes.
RFVE
TR
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Overall
Functional
F-M UE
43.0 ± 14.7 (36.64–49.36)
(44.42–55.32)
46.3 ± 17.5 (38.36–54.31)
49.5 ± 16.2 (42.13–56.92)
FIM
87.6 ± 29.6 (74.82–100.48)
(93.44–113.26)
96.6 ± 24.6 (85.35–107.80)
104.6 ± 18.2* (96.32–112.91)
Kinematics
Time (s)
11.7 ± 17.4 (9.75–13.61)
(5.94–7.80)
9.6 ± 13.2 (8.03–11.27)
8.1 ± 11.1* (6.73–9.45)
Speed (cm/s)
15.7 ± 6.9 (14.93–16.46)
(CI 20.04–22.52)
15.6 ± 7.1 (14.74–16.48)
18.8 ± 10.6* (17.54–20.14)
Peak ()
13.4 ± 12.6 (12.03–14.81)
9.9 ± 12.6* (8.53–11.32)
12.8 ± 11.6 (11.39–14.22)
10.1 ± 12.8* (9.36–12.50)
Posthemorrhagic group outcomes
Functional
F-M UE
38.6 ± 19.3 (24.74–52.46)
47.6 ± 15.1* (36.79–58.41)
47.6 ± 17.5 (35.03–60.17)
51.5 ± 16.4 (39.75–63.25)
FIM
71.0 ± 32.2 (47.96–94.04)
(72.49–113.71)
94.8 ± 26.0 (76.18–113.42)
107.7 ± 17.2* (95.37–120.03)
Kinematics
Time (s)
13.5 ± 18.9 (10.40–16.69)
(6.44–9.42)
8.5 ± 7.0 (7.21–9.82)
6.5 ± 7.2* (5.18–7.86)
Speed (cm/s)
15.1 ± 6.7 (14.40–16.63)
20.1 ± 10.1* (18.44–21.81)
16.3 ± 7.1 (15.02–17.65)
20.5 ± 9.3* (18.73–22.18)
Peak ()
15.4 ± 13.7 (13.17–17.73)
11.6 ± 12.7* (9.54–13.77)
13.0 ± 12.6 (10.67–15.34)
11.2 ± 11.9 (8.99–13.40)
Postischemic group outcomes
Functional
F-M UE
46.3 ± 9.2 (40.77–52.0)
51.6 ± 10.5* (45.22–58.01)
45.1 ± 18.2 (32.92–57.44)
47.7 ± 16.6 (36.53–58.92)
FIM
100.4 ± 20.6 (87.98–112.95)
111.2 ± 13.6* (103.0–119.46)
98.1 ± 24.4 (81.73–114.64)
101.8 ± 19.4 (88.75–114.89)
Kinematics
Time (s)
10.1 ± 16.0 (7.75–12.55)
6.0 ± 7.8* (4.83–7.17)
10.5 ± 16.5 (7.83–13.26)
9.3 ± 13.3 (7.13–11.50)
Speed (cm/s)
15.8 ± 7.1 (14.79–16.91)
(20.43–24.02)
15.0 ± 7.0 (13.88–16.20)
17.6 ± 11.4* (15.70–19.43)
Peak ()
11.7 ± 11.3 (10.06–13.45)
8.5 ± 12.3* (6.65–10.35)
12.6 ± 10.7 (10.88–14.40)
10.7 ± 13.5* (8.50–12.95)
Data are displayed as mean and standard deviation and 95% confidence interval in brackets. RFVE: reinforced feedback in virtual environment training; TR: traditional rehabilitation treatment; F-M UE: Fugl-Meyer upper extremity; FIM: functional independence measure; time: mean duration of movement; speed: mean velocity of movement; peak: mean number of submovement; * within group analysis (Wilcoxon test); between group analysis (Mann–Whitney test).
