Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause

Figure 1

Estrogen in the fat cell. (a) In brown adipocyte cell the ER alpha receptor can increase the expression of UCP1 by increasing PGC1alpha coactivator through AMPk and by a direct effect on the receptor coactivator. (b) In white adipocyte ER alpha receptor activation by estrogen reduces lipoprotein lipase and increases beta-adrenergic receptor activity. UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; PGC1alpha: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha; ER: estrogen receptor; AMPk: AMP-activated protein kinase. LPL: lipoprotein lipase; 𝛽-AR: adrenergic receptor beta.