Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Safflower Natural Dyes during Flowering
Table 5
Antibacterial and antifungal capacities of carthamin isolated from C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.
Flowering stages
Bacterial strains
Yeast strains
ATCC 14759
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli ATCC 25218
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
Bu
15.02 ± 0.11d
151 ± 0.92d
8.23 ± 0.47d
199 ± 0.27d
22.44 ± 0.22c
143 ± 0.36d
nd
nd
14.02 ± 0.23b
163 ± 0.58d
9.20 ± 0.05c
229 ± 0.71d
F
19.01 ± 0.09c
145 ± 0.84d
12.03 ± 0.55c
155 ± 0.12d
24.88 ± 0.10b
140 ± 0.77d
6 ± 0.22b
210 ± 0.64d
13.22 ± 0.56c
166 ± 0.88d
10.22 ± 0.36b
227 ± 0.86d
FF
20.05 ± 0.04b
142 ± 0.88d
16.52 ± 0.08b
149 ± 0.22d
25.50 ± 0.04a
140 ± 0.53d
7.04 ± 0.55a
215 ± 0.13d
14.98 ± 0.47b
162 ± 0.84d
10.89 ± 0.55b
225 ± 0.19d
Se
22.03 ± 0.55a
144 ± 0.70d
18.56 ± 0.58a
147 ± 0.55d
25.89 ± 0.00a
138 ± 0.99d
7.69 ± 0.03a
215 ± 0.55d
15.23 ± 0.89a
160 ± 0.55d
12.03 ± 0.66a
222 ± 0.33d
Synthetic standards
Gentamicin
22
25
28
35
23
—
Nystatin
—
—
—
—
—
25
Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. nd: not detected. Data are reported as means ± SD () and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at .