Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Safflower Natural Dyes during Flowering
Table 6
Antibacterial and antifungal capacities of precarthamin isolated from C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.
Flowering stage
Bacterial strains
Yeast strains
ATCC 14759
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli ATCC 25218
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
IZ
MIC
Bu
11.26 ± 0.55a
168 ± 0.23c
nd
nd
13.00 ± 0.55c
156 ± 0.28b
nd
nd
12.00 ± 0.89c
159.5 ± 0.96c
7.11 ± 0.37c
240 ± 0.24a
F
8.58 ± 0.74d
201 ± 0.54a
10.08 ± 0.55c
166 ± 0.74a
13.50 ± 0.69c
159 ± 0.11a
nd
nd
10.39 ± 0.22d
167 ± 0.55a
8.99 ± 0.07b
235 ± 0.33b
FF
9.89 ± 0.03c
199 ± 0.11b
12.30 ± 0.56b
160 ± 0.0b
15.23 ± 0.57b
152 ± 0.34c
nd
nd
13.37 ± 0.83b
160.25 ± 0.63
10.20 ± 0.78a
230 ± 0.14d
Se
10.05 ± 0.88b
165 ± 0.14d
13.20 ± 0.23a
158 ± 0.20b
16.89 ± 1.31a
150 ± 0.18d
nd
nd
15.93 ± 0.27a
153 ± 0.74d
9.03 ± 0.23b
233 ± 0.22c
Synthetic standards
Gentamicin
22
—
25
—
28
—
35
—
23
—
—
—
Nystatin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. nd: not detected. Data are reported as means ± SD () and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at .