Association between Positivity and Smoking Cessation

Table 1

Baseline characteristics and smoking history of participants who answered at the telephone call, at enrollment, from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2010, before entering the six-week Group Counselling Program (GCP) for Smoking Cessation.

Characteristics	n (%) or mean ± SD; n tot = 481
Females (%)	283 (58.8)
Age: years (range)	50.9 ± 9.9 (24–74)
Years of smoking (range)	33.6 ± 10.4 (2–62)
Education (%)
Primary school	68 (14.1)
Middle school	235 (48.9)
Degree	178 (37.0)
Occupation (%)
Unemployed/household	47 (9.8)
Employed or students	351 (73.0)
Retired	83 (17.2)
Marital status (%)
Single	98 (20.4)
Married/living together	271 (56.3)
Divorced or separated or widowed	112 (23.3)
Family history of smoking: yes (%)	430 (89.4)
Others smokers in household: yes (%)	201 (41.8)
Body weight: Kg	69.8 ± 13.6
BMI (Kg/m^2)	24.8 ± 3.9
Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) (ppm)	23.3 ± 12.6
Number of cigarettes per day	22.6 ± 9.3
Number of previous quit attempts (%)
0	76 (15.8)
1	129 (26.8)
2	122(25.4)
3+	154 (32.0)
Number of cups of coffee per day	3.3 ± 1.8
No alcohol consumption	107 (22.2)
Fagerström Test For Nicotine Dependence (0–10)	5.4 ± 2.1
Severity of Dependence Scale (0–15)	9.9 ± 2.4
Craving Scale (0–100)	61.2 ± 20.2
Self-efficacy evaluation (0–10)	5.8 ± 2.2
Respiratory pathologies: yes (%)	373 (77.5)
Cardiovascular diseases: yes (%)	288 (59.9)