Review Article

Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy, General Preventive Strategies, and Novel Therapeutic Targets

Table 1

Diabetic retinopathy: clinical trials [9].

NumberTitleTarget sample size Study typeCountry

1Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in Patients with Impaired Vision due to Diabetic Retinopathy and Concurrent Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): ROSA trial150 InterventionalUK

2Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy24,000ObservationalUK

3Computer Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Compared to Clinical Examination600ObservationalUSA

4Computer-based Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy10,000ObservationalUSA

5Prompt Panretinal Photocoagulation Versus Ranibizumab + Deferred Panretinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy316InterventionalUSA

6Treatment for CI-DME in Eyes With Very Good VA Stud702InterventionalUSA

7The Role of Prostaglandins in the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy100InterventionalUSA

8Comparison of Phase-variance Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescein Angiography in Retinovascular Imaging78ObservationalUSA

9The Use of Alpha Lipoic Acid for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy200InterventionalUSA

10NSAID Phase II for Non-central Involved Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)120InterventionalUSA

11Rapid, Non-invasive, Regional Functional Imaging of the Retina. (Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Device)315ObservationalUSA

12A Safety and Efficacy Study of Vitreosolve for Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Subjects160 InterventionalIndia

13Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Retinal Disorders150InterventionalIndia

14A study to Find out Whether Vitrectomy Is Better Than Laser for Diabetic Patients with Partial Bleeding into the Vitreous Jelly64InterventionalIndia

15Anterior and Posterior Segment Vascular Changes Following Laser and Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy64InterventionalCanada

16Prospective Study Phase: Retinal Oxygen Saturation, Blood Flow, Vascular Function and High Resolution Morphometric Imaging in the Living Human Eye381ObservationalCanada

17A Comparison of Islet Cell Transplantation With Medical Therapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Eye Disease40InterventionalCanada

18Prospective Study Phase: Retinal Oxygen Saturation, Blood Flow, Vascular Function and High Resolution Morphometric Imaging in the Living Human Eye381ObservationalCanada

19Safety and Efficacy of Low-Fluence PRP for PDR60InterventionalMexico

20Topic Antiinflammatory Therapy Added to Selective Photocoagulation in Macular Edema84InterventionalMexico

21Standard versus Intensive Statin Therapy for Hypercholesterolemic Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy5,000InterventionalJapan

22Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study-NEXT on Glaucoma, Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy4,000ObservationalJapan

23Research on Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Complications Using Non-invasive AGEs Measurement Equipment500ObservationalJapan

24Choroidal Structure of Diabetic Retinopathy Eye on OCT Image After the Treatment50InterventionalJapan

25Diabetes-Related Eye Disease Study400ObservationalJapan

26The Effect of NSAID for the Cystoid Macular Edema After Panretinal Photocoagulation in Diabetic Retinopathy140InterventionalJapan

27To Investigate the Effects of Panretinal Photocoagulation by a Multicolor laser Photocoagulator with a Scan Delivery System in Eyes with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy60InterventionalJapan

28A Pilot Study on the Effects of ILARIS on Patients With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDRP)10InterventionalSwitzerland

29Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy With PASCAL Laser60InterventionalBrazil

30Bevacizumab as Adjunctive Treatment to Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy30InterventionalBrazil

31Thiazolidinedione (TZD) on the Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy200InterventionalTaiwan

32Genetic Association of Diabetic Retinopathy-1200ObservationalTaiwan

33Retinal Adaptation to Intensified Insulin Therapy and Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Diabetes100ObservationalDenmark

34Topical Application of Latanoprost in Diabetic Retinopathy50InterventionalDenmark

35A Phase 2 Clinical Study to Investigate Effects of Darapladib in Subjects With Diabetic Macular Edema54InterventionalAustralia

36Trial of Switching Between Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) & Intravitreal Dexamethasone (Ozurdex) for Persistent Diabetic Macular Oedema50InterventionalAustralia

37Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Diabetic Macular Edema60InterventionalGermany

38Multicenter 12 Months Clinical Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab Alone or in Combination With Laser Photocoagulation vs. Laser Photocoagulation Alone in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PRIDE)120InterventionalGermany

39Effects of Fenofibrate on Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Type 1 Diabetes38InterventionalItaly

40Effect of Folic Acid, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 in Diabetic Retinopathy160 InterventionalItaly

41Intravitreal Ozurdex After Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy100InterventionalSweden

42Vitreous Analysis in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy200ObservationalSweden

43Different Interventions Promoting Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Chinese Type 2 diabetes: A Randomized Trial300 InterventionalChina

44Clinical Investigation on Early Lesions in Diabetic Retinopathy500 ObservationalChina

45Laser Photocoagulation in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy Derived from New International Clinical Classification180ObservationalChina

46Effect of Berberine on Diabetic Retinopathy100InterventionalChina

47Study of Evaluation on the Clinical Efficacy of Tradition Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy60InterventionalChina

48Clinical Study of Treatment with Kudiezi Injection in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients80InterventionalChina

49Hemodynamics of Ocular Artery in Ischemic Ocular Diseases with TCD Study180Diagnostic testChina

50Morphological and Functional Retinal Changes Following Retinal Photocoagulation50InterventionalAustria

51Study Investigating the Levels and Effects of Low-grade Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy of Type 1 Diabetes50ObservationalAustria

52Choroidal Blood Flow Changes During Dark/Light Transitions in Patients With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)80InterventionalAustria

53Autologous Plasmin and Fibrinolytic System in Diabetic Retinopathy40InterventionalKorea, Republic of Korea

54Incidence of Macular Edema After Panretinal Photocoagulation (PRPC) Performed in a Single Session Versus Four Sessions in Diabetic Patients.90Interventional France

55Trial of Yellow 577 nm Laser Versus Green 532 nm Laser for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy120InterventionalMalaysia

56Preoperative Injection of Bevacizumab Prior to Vitreoretinal Surgery in Diabetic Tractional Retinal Detachment50InterventionalIran, Republic of Iran

57Effect of Intravitreal Bevacizumab on Early Post-Vitrectomy Hemorrhage in Diabetic Patients80InterventionalIran, Republic of Iran

58Intravitreal Adalimumab in Refractory Diabetic Retinopathy, Choroidal Neovascularization or Uveitis: A Pilot Study15InterventionalLebanon