|
| Anesthetic | Dosage | Clinical/animal | Organ/tissue | Marker | IRI |
|
| Morphine | (i) 1–100 µg/kg
(ii) 30 µg | (i) Animal (11)
(ii) Animal (9) | (i) Liver
(ii) Spinal cord | (i) Opioid receptors
(ii) Opioid receptors | (i) Protect
(ii) Exacerbate |
|
| Fentanyl | 5 or 50 µg/kg, | Animal (16) | Myocard | Opioid receptors | Protect |
|
| Remifentanil | (i) 1 μg/kg
(ii) 5 μg/kg/min
(iii) 1, 5, 10 or 20 µg/kg/min | (i) Animal (14)
(ii) Animal (15)
(iii) Animal (13) | (i) Small intestine
(ii) Brain
(iii) Heart
| (i) MDA, IL-6
(ii) ERK, TNF-α
(iii) Opioid receptors | (i) Protect
(ii) Protect
(iii) Protect |
|
| Dexmedetomidine | (i) 1 microg/kg for 10 minutes, followed by 0.5 microg kg−1 h−1
(iii) 100 μg/kg | (i) Clinical (19)
(ii) Animal (18) | (i) Upperextremity
(ii) Liver | (i) MDA
(ii) No | (i) Protect
(ii) Protect |
|
Propofol
| (i) 25 mg/kg/h
(ii) 25 mg/kg
(iii) 0.2 mg kg−1 bolus, followed by infusion at a rate of 2 mg kg−1 h−1 | (i) Animal (26)
(ii) Animal (36)
(iii) Clinical (37) | (i) Pulmonary
(ii) Renal
(iii) Knee surgery | (i) No
(ii) MDA
(iii) MDA, IMA | (i) Protect
(ii) Protect
(iii) Protect |
|
Ketamine
| (i) 85–200 mg/kg
(ii) 100 mg/kg | (i) Animal (30)
(ii) Animal (29) | (i) Heart
(ii) Intestinal | (i) No
(ii) No | (i) Protect
(ii) Protect |
|
| Thiopental | 60 mg/kg | Animal (34) | Coronary | No | Protect |
|
| Pentobarbital | 60 mg/kg | Animal (34) | Coronary | No | Protect |
|
| Etomidate | (i) 20 mg/kg
(ii) 10 mg/kg | (i) Animal (35)
(ii) Animal (36) | (i) Skeletal muscle
(ii) Renal | (i) MDA
(ii) MDA | (i) Protect
(ii) Protect |
|
| Midazolam | 3 mg/kg | Animal (38) | Mitochondrial | No | Protect |
|
| Lidocaine | 1.5 mg kg−1 bolus and 2.0 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion | Clinical (40) | Myocardial | CK-MB, TnI | Protect |
|
