Research Article
Are There Differences in the Health Outcomes of Mothers in Europe and East-Asia? A Cross-Cultural Health Survey
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of Japanese and Austrian mothers with at least one child between the age of 3 and 5 in kindergarten.
| | | Japan
( = 170) | | Austria
( = 227) | |
| | Age | | | | | | M ± SD | 37.32 ± 4.05 | > | 36.31 ± 4.85 |
0.030 | | Range | 27–50 | | 24–52 | | Education | | | | | | Compulsory | 2 (1.2%) | | 25 (11.0%) | 0.000 | | Post-compulsory | 16 (9.4%) | < | 70 (30.8%) | | Higher education/university | 152 (89.4%) | > | 132 (58.1%) | | Living situation | | | | | | With children | 3 (1.8%) | < | 23 (10.1%) | 0.005 | | With partner and children | 144 (84.7%) | | 186 (81.9%) | | With partner, children, and grandparents | 20 (11.8%) | > | 14 (6.2%) | | With children and grandparents | 3 (1.8%) | | 3 (1.3%) | | Others | | | 1 (0.4%) | | Number of children | | | | | | M ± SD | 2.21 ± 0.72 | > | 2.04 ± 0.82 | 0.026 | | Range | 1–6 | | 1–6 | | Employment status | | | | | | Not employed | 118 (69.4%) | > | 44 (19.4%) | 0.000 | | Full-time employment | 23 (13.5%) | | 34 (15.0%) | | Part-time employment | 29 (17.1%) | < | 148 (65.5) | | Missing | | | 1 (0.4%) | | Satisfaction with the financial situation | | | | | | Very satisfying for making a good living | 26 (15.3%) | | 50 (22.0%) | 0.000 | | Satisfying | 72 (42.4%) | < | 153 (67.4%) | | Less satisfying | 63 (37.1) | > | 22 (9.7%) | | Not satisfying at all | 8 (4.7%) | | 1 (0.4%) | | Missing | 1 (0.6%) | | 1 (0.4%) |
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indicates a significant effect at the 0.05 level. <, > shows significant differences and the direction.
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