Are There Differences in the Health Outcomes of Mothers in Europe and East-Asia? A Cross-Cultural Health Survey
Table 3
Differences in stress level, sense of coherence, importance of a child, difficulty of child rearing, gender roles, and support of mothers in Japanese and Austrian mothers.
Japan = 170
Austria = 227
Eta²
Stress level
M ± SD
47.75 ± 25.35
49.34 ± 24.19
0.528
0.001
Sense of coherence
M ± SD
57.82 ± 12.17
68.67 ± 12.20
0.000
0.164
Gender orientation
General role
M ± SD
3.68 ± 1.15
4.22 ± 0.86
0.000
0.068
“Men and women should share their duties at home and at their jobs”
Mothers role
M ± SD
2.56 ± 1.21
2.88 ± 1.02
0.005
0.021
“It is the mother’s responsibility to care for the children”
Fathers role
M ± SD
4.05 ± 0.97
4.08 ± 0.90
0.747
0.000
“A father should spend much time with the children during the week, not only at weekends”
Women’s role
M ± SD
2.55 ± 1.03
2.06 ± 0.976
0.000
0.056
“A woman should mainly care for her family not for her job”
Men’s role
M ± SD
3.07 ± 1.18
2.54 ± 1.14
0.000
0.048
“A man should be the main financial resource for a family”
Importance of a child
M ± SD
6.17 ± 1.19
6.37 ± 1.16
0.090
0.007
Difficulty of childrearing
M ± SD
4.05 ± 1.77
3.24 ± 1.84
0.000
0.047
Social support
Social support of important others
M ± SD
23.45 ± 4.80
25.90 ± 4.35
0.000
0.067
Social support of the family
M ± SD
23.16 ± 5.00
24.00 ± 5.51
0.119
0.006
Social support of friends
M ± SD
20.63 ± 5.62
24.04 ± 5.23
0.000
0.090
From the partner
M ± SD
5.51 ± 1.68
5.94 ± 1.69
0.013
0.016
Answers range from 1 (do not agree) to 5 (agree completely). Answers are the sum of 4 questions ranging from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 5 (very strongly agree). The total range is between 4 and 28. Answers range from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). indicates a significant effect at the 0.05 level. Eta² = effect size, showing the strength of the study.
