Evidence for Bladder Urothelial Pathophysiology in Functional Bladder Disorders
Table 1
Evidence for abnormal bladder urothelial cell structure and function in BPS/IC, FIC, and OAB.
Clinical condition
Bladder urothelial abnormality
Source
Reference
BPS/IC
Structural abnormalities (e.g., absence of epithelium, mucosal ulceration, mucosal ruptures, abnormal/leaky tight junctions, widening of spaces between cells, cell vacuolization, and urothelial detachment)
Tissue
Hunner 1914 [14]; Eldrup et al. 1983 [15]; Fall et al. 1985 [18]; Said et al. 1989 [16]; Lynes et al. 1990 [19]; Johansson and Fall 1990 [3], Johansson and Fall 1994 [17]; Tomaszewski et al. 2001 [5]; Rosamilia et al. 2003 [20]; Leiby et al. 2007 [21]
Christmas and Bottazzo 1992 [29]; Liebert et al. 1993 [11]; Hurst et al. 1996 [30]; Abdel-Mageed and Ghoniem 1998 [38]; Slobodov et al. 2004 [9]; Laguna et al. 2006 [13]; Koskela et al. 2008 [33]; Freire et al. 2010 [10], Sánchez-Freire et al. 2011 [39]; Lee and Lee 2011 [36]; Lin et al. 2011 [35]; Schwalenberg et al. 2012 [37]; Logadottir et al. 2013 [34]; Homma et al. 2013 [32]
Abnormal protein expression (e.g., specific production of a frizzled-8-related antiproliferative factor; increased induction of HLD-DR; increased E-cadherin, arylsulfatase A, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase associated protein 39, and SWI/SNF BAF 170; decreased tight junction proteins (including zonula occludens 1, occludin, plus claudins 1, 4, and 8), vimentin, putative tRNA synthetase-like protein, neutral amino acid transporter B, alpha 1 catenin, alpha 2 integrin, and ribosomal protein L27a; decreased secretion of HB-EGF and MMP-2)
Culture
Liebert et al. 1993 [11]; Keay et al. 2003 [23], Keay et al. 2004 [24]; Zhang et al. 2005 [41], Zhang et al. 2007 [42]; Shahjee et al. 2010 [28]
Abnormal protein expression (e.g., decreased uroplakin and zona occludens 1 in animal model with APF)
Sun et al. 2001 [50], Sun et al. 2004 [48]; Tempest et al. 2004 [47]; Sun and Chai 2006 [51]; Kumar et al. 2007 [49]; Gupta et al. 2009 [54]; Shahjee et al. 2010 [28]; Kim et al. 2009 [55]; Yang et al. 2011 [57]; Shie et al. 2012 [56]
Physiologic effects of APF (e.g., G2/M cell cycle block; regulation of transcription factor expression, phosphorylation/palmitoylation/nuclear translocation of CKAP4)
Culture
Abdel-Mageed and Ghoniem 1998 [38]; Rashid et al. 2004 [25]; Kim et al. 2007 [26]; Kim et al. 2012 [27]; Shahjee et al. 2010 [28]; Zacharias et al. 2012 [59]