Research Article
Breath Ketone Testing: A New Biomarker for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Diabetic Ketosis
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| | 1 Urine ketone (−) | 2 Urine ketone (±) | 3 Urine ketone (+) | 4 Urine ketone (++) | 5 Urine ketone (+++) | P |
| Age (yr) | 45 | 48 | 45 | 37 | 30 | 0.004 | Male () | 9 (18.37%) | 7 (14.29%) | 14 (28.57%) | 9 (18.37%) | 10 (20.40%) | 0.783 | BMI (kg/m2) | 23.49 | 25.41 | 22.73 | 23.43 | 21.92 | 0.219 | FBG (mmol/L) | 13.27 | 14.36 | 16.29 | 15.08 | 20.36 | 0.006 | HbA1c (%) | 10.37 | 10.59 | 11.40 | 10.33 | 12.26 | 0.183 | TC (mmol/L) | 5.78 | 5.27 | 6.06 | 5.01 | 5.62 | 0.327 | TG (mmol/L) | 2.71 | 3.39 | 3.60 | 1.47 | 4.83 | 0.439 | LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.08 | 3.04 | 3.02 | 2.86 | 3.02 | 0.99 | HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.12 | 0.747 | ALT (U/L) | 31.35 | 31.45 | 23.47 | 22.69 | 23.31 | 0.833 | AST (U/L) | 23.65 | 24.18 | 25.04 | 25.36 | 18.94 | 0.830 | BUN (mmol/L) | 3.84 | 4.20 | 4.05 | 4.58 | 4.46 | 0.745 | Cr (μmol/L) | 58.06 | 64.16 | 61.66 | 62.13 | 70.32 | 0.584 |
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BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.
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