Research Article
A Proxy Outcome Approach for Causal Effect in Observational Studies: A Simulation Study
Table 3
Effect of
on
and
based on the fact model, conventional approach, and the alternative approach.
| | Fact model | Conventional approach | Alternative approach (%) | | causal to A but not B (%) | causal to A and B (%) | causal to A but not B (%) | causal to A and B (%) |
| | causal to A but not B | 93 (18.6%) | 394 (78.8%) | 347 (69.4%) | 140 (28.0%) | | causal to A and B | 1 (0.2%) | 12 (2.4%) | 4 (0.8%) | 9 (1.8%) |
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