A Proxy Outcome Approach for Causal Effect in Observational Studies: A Simulation Study

Table 4

Empirical application, predicting adults’ health status (outcome of interest) and their children’s health status (proxy outcome) by alcohol use (proxy outcome).

	Have undesirable health status in adults			Have undesirable health status in children
	Odds Ratio	95% confidence interval		Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Parents’ drinking behaviour
Lifetime abstainers	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Current light drinkers	0.54	0.42	0.69	0.60	0.50	0.71