Helminth Parasites Alter Protection against Plasmodium Infection

Table 1

Mouse models of malaria infection. ECM: experimental cerebral malaria, PvAS: P. vinckei petteri arteether sensitive, PvAR: P. vinckei arteether resistant, Py: P. yoelii, and KO: knockout.

Species	Subspecies: clone	Mouse strain and anemia	Mouse strain and CM	Useful in research	Ref.
P. berghei	P. berghei ANKA	C57BL/6: lethal; CD-1: lethal; C57BL/6J: non-lethal; BALB/c: lethal	C57BL/6: susceptible; CBA: susceptible; BALB/c: resistant	Used as a model of ECM; there is genetic variation in the development of ECM between inbred strains	[15–17]
	P. berghei K173	C57BL/6: lethal		Used to study pathogenesis; differs in some aspects of pathogenesis, indicating the influence of parasite genetic variation	[18]
	P. berghei NK65	C57BL/6: lethal		Is a murine noncerebral malaria strain; induces a progressive increase in parasitemia, intense hepatic inflammation, and death	[19]
	P. berghei XAT	Spontaneously cleared in immune competent mice		Irradiation-induced attenuated variant from lethal strain Pb NK65; comparison of immune responses induced by these lethal and attenuated parasites lead us to elucidate the mechanisms of protective immunity and pathogenesis	[20]
P. yoelii	P. yoelii 17 NXL	BALB/c: non-lethal	Most strains resistant	Used to study immune mechanisms and pathogenesis; Py; line A1 is a mild line which is restricted to reticulocytes	[15]
	P. yoelii 17XL	BALB/c: lethal; C57BL/6: lethal	Most strains; susceptible	Used to identify vaccine-induced immune response	[21, 22]
	P. yoelii YM	CBA: lethal		Py-YM is virulent infection which multiplies in both immature and mature erythrocytes	[23]
	P. yoelii YA	CBA: non-lethal		YM parasites are responsible for normocyte invasion, increased virulence compared to mild line Py YA parasites; lines YM and A/C differed additionally in enzyme and drug-sensitivity markers	[24]
P. chabaudi	P. chabaudi AS	A/J: lethal; C57BL/6: non-lethal; BALB/c: non-lethal	C57BL/6 IL-10KO: susceptible	Used to study immune mechanisms and immunoregulation by cytokines, to identify susceptibility loci, and to study the immune basis of pathology	[25–28]
	P. chabaudi AJ	BALB/c: non-lethal		Used to study experimental vaccines and immunological processes that control hyperparasitaemia	[25, 27]
	P. chabaudi; adami DS	C3H: lethal; C57BL/6: non-lethal		Is fast-growing and high pathogenicity, induces more anemia, weight loss, and is less infective to mosquitoes than DK strain	[29, 30]
	P. chabaudi; adami DK	BALB/c: non-lethal; C3H: non-lethal		Is slower growing and less pathogenic and more selective in its invasion of subset of RBCs than DK	[29, 30]
P. vinckei	P. vinckei vinckei	BALB/c: lethal; AKR: lethal		Used to study pathogenesis and for chemotherapy studies; it causes aggressive, overwhelming hyperparasitaemia	[31]
	P. vinckei petteri	AKR: lethal (PvAS); AKR: non-lethal (PvAR)		Used for drug screening and immunological studies	[31]