|
Study area | Age of group | Sample (size) | Study design | Helminth type | Outcome for malaria diseases in coinfection | Ref. |
|
Senegal (Niakhar) | Children | 178 | Over a 2-year followup period | S. haematobium | Children with a light S. haematobium infection presented lower P. falciparum parasite densities than children not infected by S. haematobium | [112] |
Mali (Tieneguebougou and Bougoudiana) | Children and young adults | 62 | Followed prospectively through a malaria transmission season | Wuchereria bancrofti Mansonella perstans | Pre-existent filarial infection attenuates immune responses associated with severe malaria and protects against anemia, but has little effect on susceptibility to or severity of acute malaria infection | [113] |
Southern Ethiopia | 1 to 82 years Mean 18.6 years | 1,065 febrile patients | Cross-sectional | A. lumbricoides T.trichiura, S. mansoni, and hookworm | The chance of developing non-severe malaria were 2.6–3.3 times higher in individuals infected with helminth, compared to intestinal helminth-free individuals The odds ratio for being infected with non-severe P. falciparum increased with the number of intestinal helminth species | [114] |
South-central Côte d’Ivoire | Infants (6–23 months), children (6–8 year), and young women (15–25 years) | 732 subjects | Cross-sectional survey | Soil-transmitted helminth | Coinfected children had lower odds of anemia and iron deficiency. Interaction between P. falciparum and light-intensity hookworm infections vary with age. | [115] |
Brasil (Careiro) | School children 5 to 14 years | 236 | Cohort and cross-sectional | A. lumbricoides hookworm and T. trichiura | Helminthes protect against hemoglobin decrease during an acute malarial attack by Plasmodium. | [116] |
Thailand (Bangkok) | Mean 24 years (range 15–62) | 537 files | Retrospective case-control | A. lumbricoides | Percentage protection for mild controls against cerebral malaria ranged from 40% for Ascaris (present/absent) to 70% for Ascaris medium infection. For intermediate controls protection against cerebral malaria was 75% for Ascaris (present/absent). | [117] |
Thailand (Bangkok) | 19–37 years 22 patients with malaria-associated ARF and 157 patients with MSM | 179 | Retrospective case-control
| A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis | Helminths were associated with protection from renal failure Helminth-infected controls were less likely to have jaundice or to have peripheral mature schizonts than controls without helminths | [118] |
|