(a) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. ICR HSD P. berghei S. mansoni 7 wks Low rates of ECM (30%), delay in death associated with high levels of IL-4, IL-10 [136 ] C57BL/6 P. berghei S. japonicum 8 wks Increased survival rate and reduction of the brain pathology. Th2 response induced by worm plays an important role in protecting against ECM [137 ] C57BL/6 P. berghei S. mansoni 8-9 wks Increased parasitemia, mortality, weight loss, and hypothermia; decreased pathology in the brain associated with high levels of IL-5, IL-13 and low serum IFN- [138 ] Swiss albino P. berghei S. mansoni 7 wks Increased parasitemia and mortality [139 ] C57BL/6 P. chabaudi S. mansoni 8 wks Increased parasitemia associated with a deficiency in the production of TNF- [140 ] BALB/c P. yoelii NXL S. mansoni 2, 4, and 6 wks Increased parasitemia and death at 6 wks of coinfection. Hepatosplenomegaly was more marked in coinfected mice compared to either disease separately [141 ] A/J P. chabaudi S. mansoni 8 wks Mice escape death and showed high production of IFN- [142 ]
(b) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. C57BL/6 P. chabaudi H. polygyrus 2, 3, or 5 wks Increased parasitemia and mortality associated with low levels of IFN-γ and high levels of TGF- [143 ] C57BL/6 P. chabaudi AS H. polygyrus 2 wks Increased parasitemia; however, it ameliorates severe hypothermia and hypoglycaemia; besides this, it induced earlier reticulocytosis than Pc -infected WT mice [144 ] C57BL/6 − /− − /− P. chabaudi AS H. polygyrus At the same time Increased mortality and severe liver disease, associated with increased IFN-γ , IL-17, and IL-22 in the liver. The coinfected IFN− /− and IL-23− /− mice survive [145 ] C57BL/6 P. chabaudi AS H. polygyrus 2 wks Suppresses the protective efficacy of the malaria vaccine. Deworming treatment before antimalarial immunization restored the protective immunity to malaria challenge [146 ] C57BL/6 P. yoelii 17 XNLH. polygyrus 2 wks Increased pathology due to reduced response against Py (low levels of IFN-γ ) in the spleen cells, as a result of higher activation of Treg [147 ] BALB/c P. yoelii H. polygyrus 3 wks Reduction of pathology, low levels of IFN- [148 ] C57BL/6 P. berghei ANKAH. polygyrus 2 wks Hp infection did not alter ECM development, despite accelerated P. berghei growth in vivo [149 ] C57BL/6 BALB/c P. berghei ANKAH. polygyrus 2 wks No differences [150 ]
(c) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. BALB/c P. yoelii 17 NXLE. caproni 3 wks Ec showed counterregulatory antiparasite cytokine responses to non-lethal strain Py NXL (less IFN-[148 ] BALB/c P. yoelii 17 NXLE. caproni 5 wks Increased mortality and pathology; the pathology was reversible through clearance of [151 ] BALB/c P. yoelii 17XL
E. caproni 5 wks Py 17XL infection[151 ]
(d) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. C57BL/6 P. yoelii 17NXL
Strongyloides ratti 1 wk Did not altered cytokine response [152 ] BALB/c P. berghei ANKAStrongyloides ratti 1 wk The coinfection did not change the efficacy of vaccination against Pb [153 ]
(e) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. BALB/c P. chabaudi Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Same day Reduction of anemia and parasitemia. Th2 response was inhibited by Plasmodium [154 ] C57BL/6 P. berghei Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 3 wks Delayed peak parasitemia, increased survival [155 ]
(f) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. BALB/c P. chabaudi L. sigmodontis 8 wks Increased severity of the anemia and weight loss associated with increased IFN- [156 ] C57BL/6 P. berghei L. sigmodontis 8 wks Reduction of ECM associated with increased IL-10 Pb -Ls die of ECM [157 ] BALB/c P. berghei ANKAL. sigmodontis 2 wks Reduced protection against P. berghei challenge infection for low frequencies of CSP-specific CD8 T cells, CSP-specific IFN-γ and TNF-α production
[153 ]
(g) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. CBA P. berghei Brugia pahangi 1 wk Increased survival and protected them against the ECM development; increase synthesis of IFN- [158 ]
(h) Background mouse Plasmodium strainHelminth type Coinfection time Malaria disease outcome Ref. C57BL/6 P. berghei Trichinella spiralis 1–4 wks Partially subdued parasitaemia and prolonged survival [159 ]
