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Protein estimated/proteomic technique | Function | Source | Relation to endometrial receptivity or embryo readiness | Population size | Reference |
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L-Glutamate NMCA receptor zeta subunit 1/LC-MS/MS | Subunit of a ligand gated channel that is involved in neuron plasticity. Other roles include glutamate mediated toxicity in mitochondria leading to apoptosis | Endometrial tissue | Only expressed in the secretory endometrium | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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FRAT1/LC-MS/MS | Proto-oncogene that activates the WNT pathway. Inhibits apoptosis | Endometrial tissue | Only expressed in the secretory endometrium | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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Myosin light chain kinase 2/LC-MS/MS | Muscle contraction | Endometrial tissue | Only expressed in the secretory endometrium | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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Isopentenyl diphosphate delta-isomerase/LC-MS/MS | Catalyzes a step in the formation of isoprenoids. | Endometrial tissue | Only expressed in the secretory endometrium | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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Macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF)/LC-MS/MS | Prevent macrophages from performing their job in the endometrium | Endometrial tissue | Found in all phases of the endometrium | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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Glycodelin/LC-MS/MS | Regulating the uterine cavity for pregnancy | Endometrial tissue | Up-regulated during the secretory phase | 6 samples of endometrial tissue from a tissue bank; 3 from proliferative phase and 3 from secretory phase (as classified by a pathologist) | [46] |
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Stathmin 1/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Cytoskeleton, intracellular signaling cascade | Endometrial tissue | Decreased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Annexin A2/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Skeletal development | | Increased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women, in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Monoamine oxidase A/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Electron transport | Endometrial tissue | Increased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Signaling | Endometrial tissue | Decreased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Collagen alpha 1/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Skeletal development | Endometrial tissue | Increased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women, in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Annexin A4/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Signal transduction | Endometrial tissue | Increased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Vimentin/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Cytoskeleton | Endometrial tissue | Decreased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women, in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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S100-A10/gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS | Signal transduction | Endometrial tissue | Increased during receptive phase | 8 fertile women in their reproductive age, during prereceptive and receptive times of the menstrual cycle | [113] |
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Sulfur oxide dismutase | Enzymatic antioxidant | Serum | Increased during ovarian stimulation | 15 patients undergoing ovarian stimulation who had PCOS, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility and all went controlled ovarian stimulation | [9] |
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Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) | Enzymatic antioxidant | Serum | Increased during ovarian stimulation | 15 patients undergoing ovarian stimulation who had PCOS, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility and all went controlled ovarian stimulation | [9] |
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Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | Enzymatic antioxidant | Serum | Increased during ovarian stimulation | 15 patients undergoing ovarian stimulation who had PCOS, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility and all went controlled ovarian stimulation | [9] |
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Interleukin 6 | Acts as both an anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokine | Serum | Increased during ovarian stimulation | 15 patients undergoing ovarian stimulation who had PCOS, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility and all went controlled ovarian stimulation | [9] |
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Apolipoprotein A1/Tandem MS | Component of high density lipoproteins and acceptor of extra-hepatic cholesterol | Embryo culture media | Decreased in secretome of embryos | 702 samples analyzed from women undergoing IVF or from egg donor recipients irrespective of age (26–49 years) or reason for infertility | [11] |
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Leptin/RT-PCR | Regulates energy uptake and expenditure | Endometrial culture | Increased in competent embryos | Embryos and granulose cells from 9 patients after ovarian hyperstimulation and artificial insemination. Human adipose tissue was used as control for leptin levels. Human endometrial and placental tissue was also studied | [114] |
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HOXA10/RT-PCR | Functions in embryo viability | Ishikawa cells which are well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line | Increased in cells exposed to blastocyst media | Ishikawa cells grown with blastocyst cells and ones that were placed with an embryo not yet in the blastocyst stage | [115] |
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Lipocalin-1/mass spectrometry | Transport proteins | Blastocyst secretions | Used for non-invasive aneuploidy testing | 65 couples undergoing infertility treatment. Samples were pooled for MS into a group that had 100% implantation from euploid blastocysts or media of aneuploid blastocysts. IVF media without an embryo were used as control | [116] |
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Complement precursor proteins/2D gel electrophoresis, 2D HPLC and MALDI-MS | Part of the innate immune system | Human follicular fluid and plasma | Altered expression during IVF procedures | 38 women (24–38 years) undergoing stimulation prior to IVF. All the samples were used from women with 100% success of IVF | [117] |
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Fibrinogen Beta precursor/2D gel electrophoresis, 2D HPLC and MALDI-MS | Involved in blood clotting cascade | Human follicular fluid and plasma | Altered expression during IVF procedures | 38 women (24–38 years) undergoing stimulation prior to IVF. All the samples were used from women with 100% success of IVF | [117] |
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Antithrombin III precursor/2D gel electrophoresis, 2D HPLC and MALDI-MS | Inactivates the coagulation system | Human follicular fluid and plasma | Altered expression during IVF procedures | 38 women (24–38 years) undergoing stimulation prior to IVF. All the samples were used from women with 100% success of IVF | [117] |
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor- (EGF-) like growth factor precursor/SELDI-TOF-MS | Cell-to-cell juxtacrine signaling inhibiting growth activity | Human embryonic cells | Increased in embryos that failed to develop | 21 blastocysts at different developmental stages that had been cryopreserved. They were graded as early, expanded, or degenerated embryos | [118] |
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Cystatin like precursor/SELDI-TOF-MS | Inhibits cysteine proteases involved in implantation | Human embryonic cells | Increased in embryos that failed to develop | 21 blastocysts at different developmental stages that had been cryopreserved. They were graded as early, expanded, or degenerated embryos | [118] |
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Caspase 1 precursor/SELDI-TOF-MS | Involved in cell death | Human embryonic cells | Increased in embryos that failed to develop | 21 blastocysts at different developmental stages that had been cryopreserved. They were graded as early, expanded, or degenerated embryos | [118] |
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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIIa 3/SELDI-TOF-MS | Part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria | Human embryonic cells | Increased in embryos that failed to develop | 21 blastocysts at different developmental stages that had been cryopreserved. They were graded as early, expanded, or degenerated embryos | [118] |
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Ubiquitin/SELDI-TOF-MS | Part of the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway involved in degradation of proteins | Mice and human embryo secretome | Increased in embryonic secretome associated with successful pregnancies | 2-cell human embryos and mouse embryos. Mouse embryos were collected after hyperstimulation of mouse and fertilization. Human embryos were obtained from cryopreserved embryos | [119] |
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