Biomarkers of Type II Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides in Freshwater Fish

Table 1

Pyrethrins, type I pyrethroids, and type II pyrethroids*.

Active ingredient	Pyrethrins: constituents of natural pyrethrum extracts		Synthetic derivatives of pyrethrin: pyrethroids
	Esters of Chrysanthemic acid	Esters of Pyrethric acid	Type I; Esters without alpha-cyano group	Type II; Esters with alpha-cyano group
Types of pyrethrins/pyrethroids gradually developed	Pyrethrin-I	Pyrethrin-II	Allethrin; 1st generation	Fenvalerate; 3rd generation
	Cinerin-I	Cinerin-II	Resmethrin; 2nd generation	Cyhalothrin; 4th generation
	Jasmolin-I	Jasmolin-II	Permethrin; 3rd generation	Cypermethrin; 4th generation
			Bifenthrin; 4th generation	Deltamethrin; 4th generation

 *Based on [1, 2].