Review Article
Biomarkers of Type II Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides in Freshwater Fish
Table 1
Pyrethrins, type I pyrethroids, and type II pyrethroids*.
| Active ingredient | Pyrethrins: constituents of natural pyrethrum extracts | Synthetic derivatives of pyrethrin: pyrethroids | Esters of Chrysanthemic acid | Esters of Pyrethric acid | Type I Esters without alpha-cyano group | Type II Esters with alpha-cyano group |
| Types of pyrethrins/pyrethroids gradually developed | Pyrethrin-I | Pyrethrin-II | Allethrin 1st generation | Fenvalerate 3rd generation | Cinerin-I | Cinerin-II | Resmethrin 2nd generation | Cyhalothrin 4th generation | Jasmolin-I | Jasmolin-II | Permethrin 3rd generation | Cypermethrin 4th generation | | | Bifenthrin 4th generation | Deltamethrin 4th generation |
|
|
*Based on [1, 2].
|