Unaffected Arm Muscle Hypercatabolism in Dysphagic Subacute Stroke Patients: The Effects of Essential Amino Acid Supplementation
Table 5
Demographic, anthropometric, biohumoral, and neurofunctional characteristics and nutritional intake/supply of stroke patients as an entire group, EAA and placebo subgroups, both at admission and discharge.
Variables
nv
All patients
Placebo
EAAs
Trend over time ( level) interaction
Admission
Discharge
Admission
Discharge
Admission
Discharge
Demographic
Male/female
—
25/13
—
13/6
—
12/7
—
—
Age (years)
—
69.7 ± 11.4
—
71.3 ± 10
—
68 ± 13.2
—
—
Anthropometric
Actual body weight (kg)
—
59.8 ± 10.2
57.7 ± 9.8
57.6 ± 7.1
55.9 ± 7.5
62.2 ± 12.7
59.7 ± 12
Actual/habitual body weight (%)
—
90.4 ± 7.4
87.5 ± 9.5
90.5 ± 7.2
87.8 ± 9.3
90.3 ± 8
87.1 ± 10.3
BMI (kg/m2)
—
21.6 ± 3
20.88 ± 3.14
21.3 ± 2.6
20.7 ± 2.9
22 ± 3.5
21.1 ± 3.5
Blood
ESR 1st hr (mm)
2–20
35.8 ± 11.7
33.2 ± 18.1
31.2 ± 6.8
27.6 ± 16
43.3 ± 15.8
37.2 ± 19.7
Haemoglobin (g/dL)
;
12.2 ± 1.6
12.1 ± 1.2
12.6 ± 1.8
12.3 ± 1.3
11.7 ± 1
12 ± 1.1
Blood urea (mg/dL)
20–40
42.7 ± 19.7
37.5 ± 19
48.70 ± 15
37.6 ± 7.6
32.7 ± 23.7
37.3 ± 26
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
0.7–1.2
1 ± 0.3
1 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.4
1.1 ± 0.3
0.8 ± 0.2
0.9 ± 0.3
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)
80–110
115.1 ± 23.6
106.9 ± 11.6
122.5 ± 25.8
104.8 ± 14.1
100.3 ± 8.5
109.7 ± 9.3
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)
<7
15.9 ± 14.9
6.7 ± 9.86
11.7 ± 9
8.5 ± 13.5
19.6 ± 18.5
4.6 ± 2.3
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/dL)
<0.3
1.9 ± 1.9
1.4 ± 2.5
1.7 ± 1.3
1.6 ± 2.8
2.2 ± 2.5
1.2 ± 2.3
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)
230–550
452.4 ± 75.8
400.9 ± 87.9
465.1 ± 87.3
387.2 ± 68.2
438 ± 63.1
412.7 ± 106
Serum haptoglobin (mg/dL)
30–200
293.6 ± 93
211 ± 75
313 ± 94
245 ± 74
272 ± 92
169 ± 56
Serum 1 globulin (mg/dL)
210–350
504 ± 74
436 ± 89
506 ± 80
467 ± 92
472 ± 79
382 ± 85
Serum albumin (g/dL)
4.02–4.76
2.9 ± 0.5
3.2 ± 0.5
3 ± 0.5
3.1 ± 0.5
2.7 ± 0.6
3.3 ± 0.5
Serum prealbumin (mg/dL)
18–30
18.8 ± 5.7
20.9 ± 7.1
19.4 ± 6.5
19 ± 5.9
18.1 ± 4.9
22.9 ± 8.1
Serum transferrin (mg/dL)
202–364
183.1 ± 28.3
193.8 ± 35.1
186.1 ± 33.2
195.4 ± 39.6
179.3 ± 22.3
192 ± 31.8
Plasma lactate (mmol/L)
0.6–2.2
1.6 ± 0.5
2 ± 0.6
1.4 ± 0.4
2 ± 0.6
1.8 ± 0.5
2 ± 0.5
Neurofunctional
FIM score
125
29.4 ± 18.5
54 ± 31.2
31.1 ± 16
60 ± 36.8
27.6 ± 21.7
47.4 ± 23.9
DOSS score
1–7
2.1 ± 1.3
3.3 ± 1.7
2.5 ± 1.3
3.9 ± 1.8
1.6 ± 1.3
2.6 ± 1.5
Nutrition (PEG or oral intake)
Energy
—
(kcal/d)
—
1293.6 ± 155
Same
1362 ± 143
Same
1293 ± 155
Same
(kcal/kg)
≥25
22.4 ± 2.7
23.6 ± 2.5
20.7 ± 2.9
Protein
—
(g/d)
—
54.1 ± 9.6
Same
58.7 ± 10.2
Same
54.2 ± 9.6
Same
(g/kg)
≥1.1
0.94 ± 0.17
1.02 ± 0.17
0.87 ± 0.19
1.02 ± 0.20*
Carbohydrates
—
(g/d)
—
146.2 ± 32
Same
164.3 ± 30.1
Same
146.2 ± 32
Same
(g/kg)
2.5–4
2.5 ± 0.5
2.85 ± 0.2
2.35 ± 0.9
Lipids
—
(g/d)
—
56.9 ± 11
Same
55.3 ± 5.5
Same
50.1 ± 7.5
Same
(g/kg)
≤1
0.98 ± 0.19
1 ± 0.1
0.8 ± 0.1
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis: repeated measures analysis of variance. Trend over time: interaction differences in trends between groups. BMI: body mass index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FIM: functional independence measure; DOSS: Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale. *This amount is the sum of the protein administered/ingested (54.2 g) and protein (6.9 g) provided by supplemented EAAs [41].
