|
Pathophysiological pathway | Protective model/molecule | Effect | References |
|
Apoptosis | Pifithrin | p53 inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [38] |
p53 knockout mice | p53 inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [38] |
Bax knockout mice | Bax inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [24] |
SIRT-1 overexpression | Deacetylation of p53—decreased apoptosis | [43] |
Resveratrol | SIRT-1 activator—decreased apoptosis | [44] |
Taurine transporter gene (TauT) transgenic mice | p53 inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [134] |
|
Autophagy | Rapamycin | Induction of autophagy | [53] |
|
ERK pathway | U0126 | MEK-ERK inhibition | [27, 66] |
|
p38 MAPK pathway | SKF-86002 | p38 MAPK inhibition | [67] |
|
Protein kinase C gamma pathway | PKCδ knockout model | Decreased apoptosis | [135] |
Rottlerin | PKCδ inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [135] |
|
PPAR pathway | WY-14643 (PPAR ligand-fibrate) | PPAR activation | [136] |
PPAR transgenic mice | Increased PPAR activity | [76] |
|
Oxidative stress | N-Acetylcysteine | Antioxidant | [128] |
Dimethylthiourea | Hydroxyl radical scavenging | [67, 68, 125, 127] |
Dimethyl sulfoxide | Hydroxyl radical scavenger | [125] |
b-Lapachone | NQO1 activator | [137] |
Amifostine | Antioxidant | [122, 123] |
Sodium thiosulfate | Antioxidant | [121] |
Vitamins C and E | Antioxidant | [129] |
|
Cell cycle | E2F1 knockout mice | Decreased apoptosis | [138] |
Purvalanol | Cdk2 inhibitor—decreased apoptosis | [57] |
Sodium arsenite | p27 induction—decreased apoptosis | [60] |
|
Mitochondrial metabolism | MDIVI-1 | Dynamin-related protein-1 inhibition | [139] |
PKG-1 overexpressing transgenic mice | Improvement of mitochondrial functions—decreased apoptosis | [140] |
Sildenafil | PKG-1 activation | [140] |
|
Iron metabolism | Cytochrome P450-2E1-null mice | Cytochrome P-450 inhibition | [120] |
Piperonyl butoxide | Cytochrome P-450 inhibition | [119] |
Deferoxamine | Iron chelation | [125] |
|
Inflammation | GM6001 | TNF-alpha inhibition | [80] |
TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody | TNF-alpha inhibition | [80] |
TNF-alpha knockout mice | TNF-alpha inhibition | [80] |
Salicylates | TNF-alpha inhibition | [82] |
Pentoxifylline | TNF-alpha inhibition | [83] |
Caspase-1 knockout | Decreased inflammation and apoptosis | [46] |
Anti-ICAM-1 (CD54) | Decreased neutrophil infiltration | [99] |
TLR4 knockout mice model | Decreased inflammation | [98] |
CXCR-2 knockout mice | Decreased inflammation | [88] |
Soluble ST2 | Decreased inflammation, CD4+ T cell infiltration, and apoptosis | [88] |
|
Prostaglandin metabolism | Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 knockout mice | Decreased inflammation | [141] |
Celecoxib | COX-2 inhibition | [141] |
|
T cells | T cell—deficient, CD4 and CD8 knockout models | Decreased inflammation | [81] |
Anti-Tim-1 antibodies | Decreased inflammation and apoptosis | [103] |
CD4+CD25+ Treg cells | Decreased inflammation and apoptosis | [106] |
|
Mast cells | Mast cell-deficient mice model (KitW-sh/W-sh) | Decreased leukocyte infiltration and inflammation | [112] |
Sodium chromoglycate | Mast cell stabilization | [112] |
|
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Exendin-4 | GLP-1 receptor agonist—decreased apoptosis | [142] |
Alogliptin | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition—decreased apoptosis | [142] |
|
Klotho metabolism | Transgenic Klotho overexpressing (Tg-Kl) mice | Decreased apoptosis and decreased uptake of cisplatin | [143] |
|
Metalloproteinase metabolism | Actinonin | Meprin A inhibitor | [144] |
|
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 metabolism | PJ-34 | PARP1 inhibition—decreased inflammation | [96] |
|
Regeneration | Erythropoietin | Decreased apoptosis and increased mobilization of BM cells | [145–147] |
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor | Increased mobilization of BM cells | [148] |
Mesenchymal stem cells | Increased regeneration, decreased apoptosis | [149–154] |
|