Roles of Autophagy Induced by Natural Compounds in Prostate Cancer

Table 1

Functional status of autophagy induced by different natural compounds.

	In vitro/in vivo system	Dose	Mechanism	Effects on cell fate	Reference
Sulphoraphane	LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines; TRAMP mice	20–40 μM; 1 mg	Mitochondria-derived ROS	Prosurvival	[39–41]
Benzyl isothiocyanate	22Rv1 and PC-3 cell lines	20 μM	mTOR	Prosurvival	[42]
Phenethyl isothiocyanate	LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines; PC-3 xenograft models; TRAMP mice	2.5–5 μM; 9 μmol; 3 μmol/g	ROS production, Akt/mTOR	Prodeath	[43–45]
Resveratrol	DU145 cell line	50 μM	SIRT1/S6K/mTOR	Prodeath	[46]
Polyphenon E	PNT1a cell line	35 μg/mL		Prosurvival	[47]
Curcumin	22Rv1 cell line	20 μM		Prodeath	[48]
Gossypol	CL-1 and PC-3 cell lines and PC-3 xenograft models	10 μM	Bcl-2-Beclin 1	Prodeath	[49, 50]
Apogossypolone	LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines	10 mg/L		Prosurvival	[51]
Ascorbate	PC-3 cell line	5 mM	ROS production	Prodeath	[52]
Vitamin K3/vitamin C	PC-3 cell line	3 μM vit. K3 + 0.4 mM vit. C	ROS production	Prosurvival	[53]
Rottlerin	Human PCa stem cells	0.5–1-2 μM	AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2-Beclin 1	Prodeath	[54]
Piperine	LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines	160 μM			[55]
Piperlongumine	PC-3 cell line	10 μM	ROS production, Akt/mTOR	Prosurvival	[56]
Ursolic acid	PC-3 cell line	40 μM	Akt/mTOR	Prosurvival	[57]
Marchantin M	PC-3 cell line	10 μM	ER stress, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway	Prodeath	[58]
Monascuspiloin	PC-3 cell line; PC-3 xenograft models	50 μM; 40–120 mg/kg	AMPK	Prodeath	[59, 60]