|
Exposure (chemical) | Study population | Target tissue | Target DNA region | Method | DNA methylation changes | Reference |
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Metals |
|
Arsenic (As) | 294 adults, India | PBL | Global | Methyl acceptance assay | Hypermethylation | [45] |
64 adults, India | PBL | Global | Methyl acceptance assay | Hypermethylation | [46] |
320 adults, Bangladesh | PBL | Global | Methyl acceptance assay | Hypermethylation | [47] |
96 adults, India | PBL | p16, p53 | Bisulfite methyl specific PCR | Hypermethylation | [48] |
202 women, Argentina | PBL | p16, MLH1, and LINE-1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation at p16 and MLH1 | [51] |
163 patients with arseniasis and 110 controls, China | PBL | p16 | Bisulfite methyl specific PCR | Hypermethylation | [49] |
16 individuals of which 8 were with arsenicosis, Mexico | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation patterns | [50] |
10 individuals with skin lesions and 10 controls, Bangladesh | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | 6 differentially methylated sites including RHBDF1 | [53] |
38 patients with urothelial carcinoma, Taiwan | Tumor biopsies | DAPK | Bisulfite PCR sequencing | Hypermethylation | [52] |
28 patients with urothelial carcinoma, Taiwan | Tumor biopsies | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypermethylation in CTNNA2, KLK7, NPY2R, ZNF132, and KCNK17 | [54] |
113 mother-child pairs, Bangladesh | PBL (maternal and umbilical cord samples) | p16, p53, LINE-1, and Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation at p16 and LINE-1 | [55] |
113 mother-child pairs, Bangladesh | PBL (maternal and umbilical cord samples) | Global LINE-1, Alu | Methyl incorporation assay; bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing; LUMA (Luminometric Methylation Assay) | Hypermethylation (sex-dependent) | [57] |
71 newborns, Thailand | PBL (cord blood) | Global LINE-1 p53 | Global: total 5-mC by HPLC-MS; LINE-1: COBRA p53: methylation-specific restriction endonuclease digestion | Hypermethylation at p53 | [58] |
44 newborns, Bangladesh | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation in thousands of sites | [56] |
134 infants, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypermethylation at several loci | [59] |
newborns, Mexico | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation in thousands of sites | [60] |
|
Chromium (Cr) | 115 workers and 60 controls, China | PBL | Global | ELISA | Hypomethylation | [61] |
|
Mercury (Hg) | 131 dental professionals, USA | Buccal mucosa | LINE-1, DNMT1, SEPW1, and SEPP1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at SEPP1 in males | [63] |
|
Lead (Pb) | 517 elderly men, USA | PBL | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at LINE-1 | [64] |
9 exposed individuals | PBL | p16 | Methylation-specific PCR and thermal denaturation | Hypermethylation | [65] |
|
Cadmium (Cd) | 202 women, Argentina | PBL | LINE-1, p16, and MLH1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at LINE-1 | [66] |
17 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (maternal and newborn) | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation at subsets of genes | [68] |
|
Selenium (Se) | 286 adults, Bangladesh | PBL | Global | Methyl acceptance assay | Hypomethylation | [67] |
|
Hg, Pb, and Cd | 43 women undergoing IVF, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hg: hypermethylation at GSTM1; Pb: hypomethylation at COL1A2 | [62] |
|
Air pollution (including PM and PAH) | 48 adult nonsmokers, Belgium | PBL | Global | HPLC | Hypomethylation | [70] |
718 elderly individuals, USA | PBL | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at LINE-1 | [71] |
706 elderly individuals, USA | PBL | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation | [72] |
777 elderly individuals, USA | PBL | F3, IFN-γ, IL-6, TLR-2, and ICAM-1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | F3, ICAM-1, and TLR-2 hypomethylation; IFN-γ and IL-6 hypermethylation | [73] |
776 elderly individuals, USA | PBL | F3, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-6, TLR-2, CRAT, GCR, iNOS, and OGG1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Differential methylation at TLR2, GCR, TLR2, F3, and IL6 | [74] |
63 steel workers, Italy | PBL | LINE-1, Alu, iNOS p16, p53, hTERT, and APC, RASSF1A | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at iNOS, p53, and RASSF1A; hypermethylation at APC, p16 | [81–83] |
49 nonsmoking coke-oven workers and 43 controls, Poland | PBL | p16, p53, IL-6, HIC1, LINE-1, and Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation at LINE-1, Alu, and IL-6; hypomethylation at p53 | [84] |
60 truck drivers and 60 controls, China | PBL | Tandem repeats Satα, NBL2, and D4Z4 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at Satα and NBL2 | [85] |
120 male workers, Italy and China | PBL | LINE-1 subfamilies (L1HS, L1PA5, L1PA2, and L1Ta); Alu subfamilies (AluSx, AluYb8, and AluYd6); HERV subfamilies (MLT1D, ERV1, and ERV9) | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Differential methylation | [87] |
67 industrial workers, 65 residents, and 45 rural controls, Thailand | PBL | LINE-1, Alu, p16, p53, HIC1, and IL-6 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at p53, IL-6, and LINE-1 | [88] |
78 gasoline filling attendants, 77 urban traffic officers, 57 control office workers, Italy | PBL | LINE-1, Alu, p15, and MAGE1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at LINE-1, Alu, and MAGE1; hypermethylation at p15 | [89] |
78 gasoline filling attendants, 58 control office worker, Italy | PBL | Global | High-resolution GC-MS | Hypomethylation | [90] |
158 petrochemical workers and 50 control office workers, Bulgaria | PBL | LINE-1, Alu, p15, and MAGE1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at LINE-1 and p15 | [91] |
141 asthmatic children and 70 controls, USA | Treg cells from PBL | Foxp3 | ? | Hypermethylation | [75] |
940 children, USA | Buccal cells | NOS1, NOS2A, and NOS3 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Differential methylation at NOS2A and NOS3 | [76] |
56 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | ACSL3 | Methylation-specific PCR | Hypermethylation | [79] |
164 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | Global | ELISA | Hypomethylation | [78] |
53 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | IFNγ and IL-4 | Bisulfite PCR sequencing | Hypermethylation at IFNγ | [80] |
|
POPs | 70 Inuits, Greenland | PBL | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at Alu | [92] |
86 adults, South Korea | PBL | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at Alu | [93] |
358 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood and at 9 years) | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at Alu | [98] |
|
Bisphenol A | 43 women undergoing IVF, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at the TSP50 | [62] |
46 preadolescent girls, Egypt | Saliva | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at several loci | [94] |
|
PFASs | 685 adults, USA | PBL | LINE-1 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation | [95] |
262 fertile men, Greenland/Poland/Ukraine | Sperm | Global; LINE-1, Alu, and | Flow cytometry immunodetection of 5-mC; bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | No consistent changes | [96] |
30 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | Global | ELISA | Hypomethylation | [97] |
|
EDs | 192 mother-child pairs, Spain | Placenta | LINE-1 subfamilies (L1HS, L1PA5, L1PA2, and L1Ta); Alu subfamilies (AluSx, AluYb8, and AluYd6); HERV subfamilies (MLT1D, ERV1, and ERV9) | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | AluYb8 hypomethylation in boys | [99] |
|
Tobacco smoke | 177 adults, Germany | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at F2RL3 | [103] |
374 adults, Italy | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at F2RL3, AHRR, and other loci | [105] |
261 adults, Italy | PBL | AHRR 6p21 (1 locus) 2q37 (2 loci) | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Differential methylation | [111] |
3,588 adults, Germany | PBL | F2RL3 | MALDI-TOF MS | Hypomethylation | [106] |
399 African American youths, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at AHRR | [109] |
107 African American young men, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypomethylation at AHRR | [110] |
111 adult African American women, USA | PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation at 910 loci; hypomethylation at AHRR and GPR15 | [112] |
348 mother-child pairs, USA | Child buccal cells | LINE-1, AluYb8 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypomethylation at AluYb8 | [113] |
272 mother-child pairs, USA | Child buccal cells | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation in 8 genes; Hypermethylation at AXL and PTPRO | [113] |
173 mother-child pairs, USA | Child buccal cells | AXL | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation | [114] |
527 mother-asthmatic child pairs, USA | Child PBL | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation at 19 loci | [115] |
36 mother-child pairs (18 nonsmokers and 18 smokers), USA | Placenta | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation at several loci | [117] |
1,062 mother-child pairs, Norway | PBL (cord blood) | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Differential methylation in 10 genes including AHRR, CYP1A1, and GFI1 | [118] |
418 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | DMRs of IGF2 and H19 | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | IGF2 DMR differential methylation | [119] |
380 mother-child pairs, USA | PBL (cord blood) | LINE-1, Alu | Bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing | Hypermethylation at AluYb8 | [120] |
206 mother-child pairs, USA | Placenta | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypermethylation at RUNX3 | [121] |
132 mother-child pairs, Canada | PBL (adolescents) | Epigenome-wide | Arrays | Hypermethylation at MYO1G; hypomethylation at CNTNAP2 | [122] |
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