|
| Type of study | Beneficial effect | Beneficial effect limited to subpopulations | Detrimental effect limited to subpopulations | No or detrimental effects |
|
| Observational studies | Inverse association between fish consumption and cancer incidence [103] | Dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio inversely associated with risk of high-grade cancer [104] | Positive association between EPA and risk of only high-grade cancer [105] | Dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio not associated with risk of low-grade cancer [104] |
| Inverse association between high intake and risk of aggressive cancer [106] | | Positive association between high serum PL LC-omega-3 PUFA and cancer risk [25] | No association between fish or FO intake and cancer risk [107] |
| Inverse association between higher fish intake and risk of cancer death [108] | | | No association between erythrocyte membrane EPA, DPA, or DHA and total or advanced/high-grade cancer risk [109] |
| Inverse association between FO intake and risk of advanced cancer later life [110] | | | No association between serum EPA or DHA and cancer risk in male smokers [111] |
| Inverse association between DPA level and total risk of cancer [112, 113] | | | No association between omega-3 PUFA intake and PSA level [114] |
| | | | Positive association between EPA or DHA and high-grade cancer [112, 113] |
| | | | No association between DHA level and risk of cancer at any stages [105] |
| | | | No association between total serum PL omega-3 PUFA and cancer risk [115] |
|
| Meta-analyses | Inverse association between fish intake and prostate cancer-specific mortality [116] | | | No association between FO intake or EPA/DHA blood level and cancer risk [117] |
|
