1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Promotes High Glucose-Induced M1 Macrophage Switching to M2 via the VDR-PPAR Signaling Pathway

Figure 7

The effect of a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) on iNOS and MR expression. RAW264.7 cells were treated with GW9662 for 2 h before administering 10⁻⁸ M 1,25(OH)₂D₃ to high glucose-pretreated macrophages. The cells were collected for (a) RT-PCR, (b) western blotting, and (c) immunofluorescence analysis (200x). β-actin was used as an internal control. DMSO was used as a negative control. Data are presented as the mean ± SD ( per group). ^* versus VD group.

(a)

(b)

(c)