Review Article
Switching the Sphingolipid Rheostat in the Treatment of Diabetes and Cancer Comorbidity from a Problem to an Advantage
Figure 3
Balancing the SphK1/S1P rheostat for diabetes and cancer comorbidity treatments. Second generation S1P receptor modulators are currently being developed to target individual and multiple S1P receptors. Each of the receptor modulators binds to individual or multiple receptors to block or activate the S1P receptor. Siponimod is a S1P1,4,5 modulator; ponesimod is an agonist for S1P1,3,4; KRP-203 is an agonist for S1P1,4; ONO-4641 is an agonist for S1P1,4,5; RPC1063 is an agonist for S1P1,4,5; Cs-0777 is an agonist for S1P1,3,5; GSK2018682 is an agonist for S1P1,5. FTY720 and JTE-013 are described in Figure 2. These novel S1P receptors and downstream signalling pathways and functions are reviewed in [88, 93]. Sipon: siponimod; pone: ponesimod; FTY: FTY720.