Animal Models in Studying Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation

Figure 3

Anatomic basis and features of the sheep AVM model. Arrows indicate direction of flow, that is, from the left side of the carotid artery through both retia mirabilia, retrograde to the right carotid artery and jugular vein following surgical creation of an anastomosis. CCA: common carotid artery; ECA: external carotid artery; IMA: internal maxillary artery; RA: ramus anastomoticus; AA: arteria anastomotica; EJV: external jugular vein.