| TLR receptor | Host cells and mouse lines used | H. pylori strain(s) used | Applied methods | Proposed role during infection | References |
| TLR2 | AGS, HEK293, MKN45, CHO | 26695, LC11, 98, 99 | RT-PCR, LRGA | NF-κB activation and chemokine expression | [28] | HEK293 | 26695 | ELISA, IP, WB, SPIA | MAPK activation and chemokine expression | [39] | HEK293, PBMCs, primary human monocytes and macrophages, PECs | SS1, 43504, Astra 244 | ELISA, RT-PCR, cDNA-MA | Intact bacteria activate TLR-2, while LPS activates TLR-4 | [29] | mBMDCs | SS1, J99, TX30, B128 | ELISA, RT-PCR, cDNA-MA, FACS, LRGA, KD | Activates TLRs to induce production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines | [30] | MKN28, MKN45, HEK293, T24, THP1 | Clinical strains | ELISA, FACS, RT-PCR, LRGA, WB | Highly purified LPS is a weak agonist, activates NF-κB through TLR-2/1 heterodimer | [35] | KATO III | 43504 | ELISA, ABB, RT-PCR, NB, WB, TFA, ICC, RPT | HpHSP60 is a ligand, activates NF-κB and chemokine expression in epithelial cells | [36] | NOMO1, U937 | 43504 | ELISA, ABB, TFA, RT-PCR, siRNA, SPIA, FACS, WB, RPT | HpHSP60 is a ligand, activates MAPK and chemokine expression in monocytes | [37] | PBMCs, primary human monocytes, neutrophils and T-cells | n.p. | ELISA, RT-PCR, ELISPOT, NF-κBRA, FACS, TCA, CRA, RPT | HpNAP activates proinflammatory cytokine expression and T-cell responses | [38] | AGS, MKN45 | Clinical strains | EMSA, RT-PCR, WB, IFM, LGRA, IP, KA | NF-κB activation and COX-2 overexpression | [40] | AGS, MKN45, HUVEC | Clinical strains | ELISA, DAPA, EMSA, WB, ChIP, RT-PCR, LGRA, MGTA | COX-2 induction and increased cell invasion and angiogenesis | [41] |
| TLR4 | AGS, HEK293, MKN45, CHO | 26695, LC11, 98, 99 | RT-PCR, LRGA | NF-κB activation and chemokine expression | [28] | HEK293, PBMCs, primary human monocytes and macrophages, PECs | SS1, 43504, Astra 244 | ELISA, RT-PCR, cDNA-MA | Intact bacteria activate TLR-2, while LPS activates TLR-4 | [29] | AGS, MKN-7, MKN-28, MKN-45, THP-1 | 43504, TN583, clinical strains | LCM, IHC, RT-PCR, FACS, LGRA | NF-κB activation and chemokine expression | [42] | MKN45, TMK1, J774A.1, THP1, PECs | TN2 | ELISA, ABB, TLR-SA, RT-PCR, EMSA, RPA, IP, WB, cDNA-MA | NF-κB activation is cagPAI-dependent in epithelial cells, but cagPAI-independent in monocytes/macrophages | [43] | AGS, MKN45, CHO, T84, THP1 | LC11, LC20 | ELISA, RT-PCR, WB, FACS, IFM, SEM | Upregulation of TLR expression and chemokine secretion | [44] | Gastric mucosal cells | 11637, 11638, clinical strains | RT-PCR, SB, WB, NB | Upregulation of superoxides in gastric pit cells | [45] | HEK293 C57BL/6J mice in vivo | J99, B128, X47 | FBA, MS, PA, TLR-SA, MCA, NF-κBRA, FM | Dephosphorylation of lipid-A reduces recognition and increases colonization | [46] | AGS, gastric biopsies | J99, clinical strains | RT-PCR | TLR expression is not affected in gastric biopsies of infected patients | [47] | Gastric biopsies | Clinical strains | ICH, IFM, CSLM | Shifting of subcellular localization of TLRs | [48] |
| TLR5 | AGS, HEK293, MKN45, CHO | 26695, LC11, 98, 99 | RT-PCR, LRGA | NF-κB activation and chemokine expression | [28] | HEK293 | 26695 | ELISA, IP, WB, SPIA | MAPK activation and chemokine expression | [39] | AGS, T84, MDCK | 49503 | ELISA, WB, RPT, | Flagellin evades TLR5 recognition | [49] | CHO K1 | G27, clinical strains | LRGA, WB, RPT, BIT, MA | Flagellin evades TLR5 recognition | [50] | HEK293 BALB/c mice in vivo | SS1S | ELISA, CD, LRGA, RT-PCR, WB, RPT | Chimeric flagellin can activate immune responses | [51] | HEK293, THP1 | P1, P12, P310, 26695 | ASPAB, ELISA, IFM, RT-PCR, TLR-SA, LRGA, WB | cagPAI status can change TLR activated production of cytokine/chemokine | [34] | GES1 | 26695 | cDNA-MA, FACS, RT-PCR, SEM | Spiral and coccoid forms can influence TLR expression | [52] | AGS, gastric biopsies | J99, clinical strains | RT-PCR | TLR expression is not affected in gastric biopsies of infected patients | [47] | Gastric biopsies | Clinical strains | ICH, IFM, CSLM | Shifting of subcellular localization of TLRs | [48] | Gastric biopsies | Clinical strains | ICH, IFM, CSLM | Shifting of subcellular localization of TLRs | [53] |
| TLR8 | PBMCs, primary human monocytes, HeLa, HEK293, HEK293T, HEK293FT, THP1 | 251, B128 | ELISA, RT-PCR, LGRA, CSLM, BIT, FACS | Bacterial phagocytosis increases TLRs activation and cytokine secretion | [54] |
| TLR9 | mBMDCs | SS1, J99, TX30, B128 | ELISA, RT-PCR, cDNA-MA, FACS, LRGA, KD | Activates TLRs to induce production of proinflammatory cytokines | [30] | AGS, MKN45, HUVEC | Clinical strains | ELISA, DAPA, EMSA, WB, ChIP, RT-PCR, LGRA, MGTA | COX-2 induction and increased cell invasion and angiogenesis | [41] | AGS, MKN45 | Clinical strains | EMSA, RT-PCR, WB, IFM, LGRA, IP, KA | NF-κB activation and COX-2 overexpression | [40] | Gastric biopsies | Clinical strains | ICH, IFM, CSLM | Shifting of subcellular localization of TLRs | [48, 53] | Primary human neutrophils | 26695, G27, 8822, clinical strains | ELISA, FACS | cagPAI dependent production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines | [55] | Gastric tissue, C57BL/6J mice | SS1 | IHC, RT-PCR, MPA, CSLM | Type-I interferon mediated anti-inflammatory response at early phase infection | [56] |
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