Transfection of Platyhelminthes

Table 2

Transfection of heterologous genes in Schistosomes.

Species	Agent and method	Promoter	Reporter; gene	Life stage transfected	Transfection type	References
S. mansoni	RNA and plasmid by particle bombardment	Spliced Leader	Luciferase	Adult worm	Transient	[34]
	Plasmid by particle bombardment	Hsp70	GFP	Adult worm and sporocysts	Transient	[35]
	Plasmid by particle bombardment	ER60	GFP	Female miracidia with sporocysts	Transient	[36]
	Plasmid by particle bombardment	SmCNA	GFP	Adult worm	Transient	[37]
	Plasmid by particle bombardment	ER60	GFP	Adult worm	Transient	[38]
	Plasmid by particle bombardment	Hsp70	EGFP	Miracidia	Transient	[39]
	RNA by electroporation	—	Luciferase	Schistosomula	Transient	[40]
	RNA by particle bombardment and electroporation	—	Luciferase	Sporocysts, miracidia, and adult worm	Transient	[41]
	VSVG-pseudo MMLV plasmid by cation polybrene	SL and hsp70	EGFP and Luciferase	Schistosomula	Transient	[42]
	Electroporation	SmACT1.1	Luciferase	Schistosomula	Transient	[43]
	PiggyBac by electroporation	Actin and HSP70	Luciferase	Schistosomula	Stable	[44]
	VSVG-pseudo MMLV plasmid by lipofectamine	Sma-Zinc	Luciferase	Adult worm and schistosomula	Stable	[45]
	RNA and VSVG-pseudo MMLV by electroporation	—	CY3 and luciferase	Eggs	Stable	[46]
	MLV pseudotyped plasmid by lipofectamine or polyethylenimine	MLV 5′, Pol II, vasa-like, Actin, Pol III U6	Luciferase and EGFP	Schistosomula, eggs, and adult worms	Stable	[47]
S. japonicum	Plasmid by electroporation	CMV	EGFP and luciferase	Schistosomula and adult worm	Transient	[48]
	VSVG-pseudo pantropic retrovirus plasmid by cation polybrene	LTR	hTERT	Schistosomula	Stable	[49]

SL: splice leader, hsp70: heat-shock protein 70, ER60: endoplasmic reticulum 60, SmCNA: Schistosoma mansoni calcineurin 1, CMV: cytomegalovirus, SmAct 1: Schistosoma mansoni actin 1, Sma-Zinc: Schistosoma mansoni Zinc finger protein, hTERT: human telomerase reverse transcriptase, VSVG: vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, MMLV: Moloney murine leukemia retroviral, and LTR: retrovirus long terminal repeat.