In Vivo Anti-Candida Activity of Phenolic Extracts and Compounds: Future Perspectives Focusing on Effective Clinical Interventions

Table 1

Phenolic extracts with in vivo activity against Candida species.

Family	Species	Part	Preparation	Condition	Candida spp.	Animal model	Exposure	Doses	Bioactive	Ref.
Acanthaceae	Justicia flava (Forssk.) Vahl	Leaves	Methanol extract	Wound healing	C. albicans	Sprague-Dawley rats	24 hours, 24 days	7.5% w/w extract aqueous cream	Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, sapogenetic glycosides, and tannins	[73]
Anacardiaceae	Lannea welwitschii (Hiern) Engl.	Leaves	Methanol extract	Wound healing	C. albicans	Sprague-Dawley rats	24 hours, 24 days	7.5% w/w extract aqueous cream	Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, sapogenetic glycosides, and tannins	[73]
Arecaceae	Elaeis guineensis Jacq	Leaves	Methanol extract	Antifungal potential	C. albicans	Swiss albino mice	Once daily during 7 days	Oral administration: 2.5 g/kg body weight	Phenols	[76]
Bignoniaceae	Pyrostegia venusta Miers	Flowers	Methanol extract	Antimicrobial and wound healing potential	C. albicans and C. tropicana	Wistar rats	19 days	100 mg/kg body weight	n.d.	[74]
Caprifoliaceae	Lonicera; japonica Thunb.	Flowering aerial parts	Ethanol extract	Antiwound infection, repair, and contraction	Candida albicans, C. tropicalis	Wistar rats	15 days	10% (w/w) LJEE ointment	Chlorogenic acid	[69]
Combretaceae	Combretum albopunctatum Suesseng; Combretum imberbe Wawra; Combretum nelsonii Duemmer; Terminalia sericea Burch ex DC	Leaves	Acetone extract	Wound healing and antifungal potential	C. albicans	Immunosuppressed Wistar rats	3 times a week, during 17 days	20% in aqueous cream	n.d.	[71]
Eriocaulaceae	Syngonanthus nitens (Bong.) Ruhl.	Scapes	Methanol extract	Vulvovaginal candidiasis	C. albicans	Wistar rats	2 times per day, 7 days	Cream with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of extract	Flavonoids, flavone derivatives	[70]
Leguminosae	Cassia fistula Linn.	Seeds	Methanol extract	Anticandidal potential	C. albicans	Swiss albino mice	Once daily, during 3 days	2.5 g/kg body weight (intraperitoneal)	n.d.	[77]
Meliaceae	Swietenia mahogani (Linn.) Jacq.	Seeds	Methanol extract	Antifungal potential	C. albicans	Mice	7 days	2.5 g/kg of extract (intraperitoneal)	Saponins, phenols, volatile oils, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and terpenoids	[75]
Moraceae	Ficus glomerata Roxb.	Fruit and bark	Methanol extract	Immunomodulatory potential	C. albicans	Swiss albino mice	13 days	250 and 500 mg/kg p.o	Carbohydrates, glycosides, wax, steroids, saponins, and tannins	[66]
Olacaceae	Olax subscorpioidea var. subscorpioidea Oliv.	Fruits	Methanol-dichloromethane (3 : 1 v/v) extract	Anti-Candida potential (systemic candidiasis)	C. albicans	Female albino Wistar rats	3 days	0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg of body weight, i.v. administration	n.d.	[78]
Parmeliaceae	Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf	Lichens (thallus)	Methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts	Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and wound healing potential	C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. krusei	Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss albino mice	Between 60 min and 9 days, according to the studied bioactivity^1	Oral administration and topical use	Isolated compounds: atraric acid, mixture of methyl hematommate and methyl chlorohematommate	[72]
Poaceae	Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.	Leaves	Ethyl acetate fraction of the alcoholic extract	Immunomodulatory potential	C. albicans	BALB/C mice	5 days	Oral administration: 50–200 mg/Kg body weight	Isoorientin, orientin, and isovitexin	[67]
Polygonaceae	Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják	Leaves	Cooked leaves; Leaf powder	Anti-Candida activity (subclinical mastitis)	C. albicans	Lactating cows of three farms	5 days	1.5 kg/day; 0.77 kg/day	n.d.	[80]
Punicaceae	Punica granatum L.	Peels	Aqueous: methanol (75%) extract	Wound healing potential	C. albicans and C. glabrata	Guinea pigs	Once daily during 10 days	5% (w/w) methanolic extract based ointment, using soft white paraffin, as vehicle	Ellagitannins (punicalagin A, punicalagin B, gallic acid, and ellagic acid), followed by anthocyanidins	[68]
Salvadoraceae	Salvadora persica L.	Chewing sticks	Methanol extract	Oral health of children presenting decays	C. albicans and Candida spp.	School children aged between 6 and 12 years	1 week	Mouthwash	Phenolic compounds	[81]
Verbanaceae	Clerodendron splendens G. Don	Plant material	Methanolic extract	Wound healing and antifungal effects	C. albicans	Sprague-Dawley rats	9 days	100 mg of ointment (33.3% w/w C. splendens extract in simple ointment BP), twice daily	Reducing sugars, phytosterols, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids	[90]
Vitaceae	Vitis vinifera L.	Seeds	Ethanol : water (7 : 3 v/v) extract	Antifungal potential (vaginal candidiasis model)	C. albicans	CD1 mice	Every two days, until day +8	10 µL/mouse (50 mg/mL) intravaginal	Mixture of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ols	[79]
Zygophyllaceae	Larrea divaricata Cav.	Leaves and tender branches	3 fractions of the aqueous extract	Immunomodulatory potential (innate immunity enhancer)	C. albicans	Rockland mice	twice in a 48-hour period	0.5, 5 and 15 mg kg^−1 of fractions, intraperitoneal	n.d.	[65]

Anti-inflammatory: every 90 min during 6 h after induced inflammation, antinociceptive: 60 min after oral administration of test samples, counted for the following 15 min (starting 5 min after the PBQ injection), wound healing activity: once a day, during 9 days, and n.d.: not determined/detailed.