Anatomical, Physiological, and Molecular Imaging for Pancreatic Cancer: Current Clinical Use and Future Implications

Table 1

Commonly evaluated MRS metabolites.

Metabolite	Resonance	Significance
Lactate	1.3 ppm	Marker of anaerobic metabolism
Lipid	1.3 ppm	Marker of tissue damage with liberation of membrane lipids
Creatine	3.0 ppm	Energy storage: might serve as normalization baseline except in highly aggressive tumors where energy storage is used up
Choline	3.2 ppm	Marker for cell membrane turnover