Integrating Retrogenesis Theory to Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology: Insight from DTI-TBSS Investigation of the White Matter Microstructural Integrity

Table 1

Main DTI-TBSS studies carried out with multiple indices: AD and control comparisons.

Authors	Sample	Voxelwise contrast	Corpus callosum subregion			Fornix	Temporal lobe	Uncinate fasciculus	Occipital lobe
			Anterior	Middle	Posterior
Acosta-Cabronero et al., 2010 [50]	AD^1 ()	AD-controls	—	DA/RD/MD	DA/RD/MD	DA/RD, FA	DA/RD/MD,; FA	—	—
Agosta et al., 2011 [76]	AD^3 (); Controls (); a-MCI ()	AD-controls; a-MCI-controls	DA/RD/MD; DA	DA/RD/MD; DA	DA/MD; DA	DA/MD, FA; —	DA/RD/MD,; FA; DA	DA/RD/MD,; FA; DA	—; DA
Alves et al., 2012 [52]	AD^2 (); a-MCI (); Controls ()	AD-controls; a-MCI-controls	DA/RD/MD,; FA; FA	DA/RD/MD,; FA; FA	—; —	—; —	DA/RD/MD,; FA; FA	DA/RD/MD,; FA; FA	—; —
Bosch et al., 2010 [7]	AD^2 (); a-MCI (); Controls ()	AD-controls; a-MCI-controls	DA/DR/MD, FA; —	DA/MD; MD	DA/DR/MD; —	—; MD	DR/MD, FA; DR	DA/DR/MD,; FA; DR/MD	DR/MD, FA; DR/MD
di Paola et al., 2010 [8]	AD^1  (); MCI (); Controls ()	AD-controls	DR, FA	DR/DA	DR/DA	—	—	—	—
Gold et al., 2010 [70]	High risk ApoE4 (); Low risk ApoE4 ()	High-low risk APOE4	—	—	—	FA	FA, DR	FA	FA
O’Dwyer et al., 2011 [23]	AD^2 (); a-MCI (); na-MCI (); Controls ()	AD-controls; MCI-controls	DA/RD/MD,; FA; MD/DA	DA/RD/MD,; FA; FA	DA/RD/MD,; FA; —	DA/RD/MD,; FA; —	↑DA/RD/MD,; FA; —	DA/RD/MD,; FA; —	DA/RD/MD,; FA; —
Stricker et al., 2009 [58]	AD^1 (); Controls ()	AD-controls	—	—	FA	FA	FA	FA	FA
Salat et al., 2010 [49]	AD^2 (); Controls ()	AD-controls; NA	FA, DA/DR	—	DA/DR	DA	FA, DA/DR	—	FA, DA/DR
Shu et al., 2011 [51]	AD^3(); a-MCI (); Controls ()	AD-controls; MCI-controls; MCI versus AD	MD/DA/DR,; FA; FA; MD	MD/DA/DR,; FA; —; —	MD/DA/DR,; FA; FA; MD,	MD/DA/DR; —; —	MD/DA/DR,; FA; MD	MD/DA/DR,; FA; FA; —	MD/DA/DR,; FA; FA; MD
Vernooij et al., 2008 [63]	832 patients from the community	MCI-controls	FA, DA/DR	FA	FA, DA/DR	FA, DA/DR	FA, DA/DR	—	FA, DA/DR

Note: DA: axial diffusivity; MD: mean diffusivity; DR: radial diffusivity; a-MCI: amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD: Alzheimer’s disease. Method of voxelwise contrast: familywise error rate; ^(λ)permutation based approach; not informed. Alzheimer’s clinical severity: ⁽¹⁾mild; ⁽²⁾mild to moderate; ⁽³⁾severe; only female subjects included.