Gold Nanoparticles Promote Oxidant-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and 53BP1 Recruitment-Based Adaptive Response in Human Astrocytes

Figure 2

Nanogold-mediated cytotoxicity (a), changes in the cell cycle (b), and ability to induce stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) (c). Human astrocytes were treated with  AuNPs/mL for 96 h. (a) Cell viability was assessed using acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining. Arrows indicate live cells (green) and a dead cell (red). (b) Cell cycle analysis using an In Cell Analyzer 2000 (GE Healthcare, UK). (c) SIPS was assessed as SA-β-gal activity. The bars indicate the SD, , , and compared with control (ANOVA and Dunnett’s a posteriori test). Typical micrographs showing a SA-β-gal-positive cell and a SA-β-gal-negative cell are also presented.

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