Gold Nanoparticles Promote Oxidant-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and 53BP1 Recruitment-Based Adaptive Response in Human Astrocytes

Figure 3

Nanogold-induced oxidative stress (a) and NF-κB activation (b). Human astrocytes were treated with  AuNPs/mL for 96 h. (a) The steady-state level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA) and imaging cytometry. The level of ROS is presented as relative fluorescence units (RFUs). The bars indicate the SD, , compared with control (ANOVA and Dunnett’s a posteriori test). (b) After AuNP treatment, NF-κB p65 was translocated into nucleus (green). Nuclei were visualized with Hoechst 33342 (blue). The bars indicate the SD, , , and compared with control (ANOVA and Dunnett’s a posteriori test).

(a)

(b)