Calcium Mitigates Arsenic Toxicity in Rice Seedlings by Reducing Arsenic Uptake and Modulating the Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems and Stress Markers

Table 1

Arsenic content, dry weight, leaf relative water content, and proline content in rice seedlings treated with Ca under As stress. Here, Ca, As0.5, and As1 indicate 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.5 mM Na₂HAsO₄, and 1 mM Na₂HAsO₄, respectively.

Treatments	As content in shoot; (mg g^−1 DW)	As content in root; (mg g^−1 DW)	Dry weight; (g ten seedlings^−1)	Leaf RWC; (%)	Pro content; (mol g^−1 FW)
Control	ND	ND	0.178 ± 0.004 A	95.53 ± 2.74 A	0.27 ± 0.02 D
Ca	ND	ND	0.171 ± 0.008 AB	93.41 ± 1.16 AB	0.29 ± 0.03 D
As0.5	6.017 ± 0.281 B	22.59 ± 0.467 B	0.128 ± 0.004 D	76.51 ± 2.43 D	0.50 ± 0.01 B
As0.5 + Ca	4.013 ± 0.0.062 C	14.28 ± 1.059 C	0.160 ± 0.005 B	90.11 ± 1.92 B	0.33 ± 0.01 C
As1	10.638 ± 0.640 A	28.65 ± 0.138 A	0.116 ± 0.003 E	69.85 ± 2.32 E	0.73 ± 0.02 A
As1 + Ca	5.675 ± 0.414 B	22.60 ± 0.181 B	0.142 ± 0.004 C	81.46 ± 1.79 C	0.45 ± 0.02 B

Means (±SD) were calculated from three replications for each treatment. Bars with different letters are significantly different at applying Fisher’s LSD test.