Calcium Mitigates Arsenic Toxicity in Rice Seedlings by Reducing Arsenic Uptake and Modulating the Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems and Stress Markers

Table 2

Chlorophyll a, chl b, chl (a + b), MDA content, and H₂O₂ content in rice seedlings treated with Ca under As stress. Here, Ca, As0.5, and As1 indicate 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.5 mM Na₂HAsO₄, and 1 mM Na₂HAsO₄, respectively.

Treatments	chl a; (mg g^−1 FW)	chl b; (mg g^−1 FW)	chl (a + b); (mg g^−1 FW)	MDA content; (nmol g^−1 FW)	H2O2 content; (nmol g^−1 FW)
Control	0.984 ± 0.004 A	0.497 ± 0.019 A	1.480 ± 0.017 A	18.49 ± 0.71 E	27.66 ± 0.49 D
Ca	0.971 ± 0.013 A	0.488 ± 0.008 A	1.459 ± 0.014 A	20.13 ± 1.76 E	29.41 ± 1.45 D
As0.5	0.671 ± 0.022 D	0.328 ± 0.008 D	0.998 ± 0.031 D	30.69 ± 0.53 C	45.55 ± 0.55 B
As0.5 + Ca	0.834 ± 0.009 B	0.410 ± 0.012 B	1.244 ± 0.021 B	23.57 ± 0.69 D	37.08 ± 0.51 C
As1	0.560 ± 0.032 E	0.265 ± 0.008 E	0.825 ± 0.024 E	51.07 ± 2.66 A	52.13 ± 1.94 A
As1 + Ca	0.735 ± 0.011 C	0.376 ± 0.009 C	1.111 ± 0.016 C	37.26 ± 1.44 B	43.67 ± 1.04 B

Means (±SD) were calculated from three replications for each treatment. Bars with different letters are significantly different at applying Fisher’s LSD test.