The Adoption of Smoking and Its Effect on the Mortality Gender Gap in Netherlands: A Historical Perspective

Table 3

Smoothed relative risks (RR) of dying for all-cause mortality and the selected causes of death after applying the correction factor of 30% to reduce the excess risk, plus some background information on the smoothing procedure.

(a)

	All causes	All causes	Cancers	Cancers	Vascular	Vascular	Respiratory	Respiratory	External	External	Other	Other
	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F
35–39	2.12	1.00	1.00	1.00	4.63	1.15	1.00	1.00	2.22	1.28	2.02	3.85
40–44	2.29	1.03	1.53	1.00	4.07	1.69	1.00	1.12	2.02	1.27	2.01	3.29
45–49	2.40	1.43	2.06	1.26	3.55	2.08	2.23	2.57	1.84	1.26	1.99	2.80
50–54	2.45	1.71	2.46	1.49	3.07	2.33	3.53	3.64	1.69	1.25	1.95	2.39
55–59	2.44	1.89	2.72	1.65	2.63	2.44	4.40	4.33	1.56	1.23	1.91	2.04
60–64	2.36	1.97	2.84	1.74	2.24	2.41	4.84	4.64	1.46	1.22	1.86	1.77
65–69	2.22	1.94	2.83	1.75	1.89	2.24	4.84	4.56	1.38	1.21	1.79	1.57
70–74	2.02	1.79	2.67	1.70	1.59	1.92	4.42	4.11	1.33	1.20	1.72	1.44
75–79	1.76	1.55	2.38	1.57	1.32	1.47	3.56	3.28	1.30	1.18	1.63	1.38
80+	1.44	1.19	1.96	1.37	1.10	1.00	2.27	2.06	1.30	1.17	1.54	1.40

(b)

Cause	Smoothing	Age selection regression	Age selection regression	RR < 1 → RR = 1	RR < 1 → RR = 1
		Men	Women	Men	Women
All causes	Age + age squared	35+	40+; RR40–44 = 1		35–39
Cancers	Age + age squared	35+; RR35–39 = 1	40+; RR40–44 = 1	35–39	35–39, 40–44
Vascular	Age + age squared	35+	40+		80+
Respiratory	Age + age squared	40+	40+	35–39, 40–44	35–39
External	Age + age squared	35+	40+